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Disorders of Respiratory Function - 11

This document discusses disorders of respiratory function, including respiratory infections and neoplasms. It outlines the pathogenesis and diagnosis of influenza, tuberculosis, and lung cancer. For influenza, it describes how the virus infects and damages the respiratory tract, allowing bacterial infections. It explains how tuberculosis spreads through airborne droplets and causes primary infection through macrophage phagocytosis. Lung cancers are identified as locally invasive or metastatic tumors arising from bronchial epithelium and invading surrounding tissues.

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Cres Padua Quinzon
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85 views

Disorders of Respiratory Function - 11

This document discusses disorders of respiratory function, including respiratory infections and neoplasms. It outlines the pathogenesis and diagnosis of influenza, tuberculosis, and lung cancer. For influenza, it describes how the virus infects and damages the respiratory tract, allowing bacterial infections. It explains how tuberculosis spreads through airborne droplets and causes primary infection through macrophage phagocytosis. Lung cancers are identified as locally invasive or metastatic tumors arising from bronchial epithelium and invading surrounding tissues.

Uploaded by

Cres Padua Quinzon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Disorders of

Respiratory Function
CRES P. QUINZON
SALALAH NURSING INSTITUTE
1ST TRIMESTER 2017-2018
Respiratory Infections & Neoplasms

Objectives:

1. Trace the pathogenesis and


diagnosis of Influenza.
2. Outline the etiology and
pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
Respiratory Infections & Neoplasms

3. Differentiate between primary and


reactivated tuberculosis in terms of causes
and pathogenesis.
4. Give the pathogenesis of small cell lung
cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.
 5. Trace the etiology and pathogenesis
of lung cancer.
Influenza

one of the most important causes of


acute upper respiratory tract
infection in humans

The viruses that cause influenza


belong to the Orthomyxoviridae
family
Influenza

There are three types of influenza


viruses that cause epidemics in
humans: types A, B, and C.

ismore contagious than bacterial


respiratory tract infections.
Influenza

Pathogenesis:
The influenza viruses can cause three types
of infections:
(a.) an uncomplicated upper respiratory
infection (rhinotracheitis),
b.) viral pneumonia, and
(c). respiratory viral infection followed by a
bacterial infection
Virus enters the respiratory tract

virus first targets and kills mucous-secreting, ciliated,


and other epithelial cells

Leaving gaping holes between the underlying basal


cells and allowing extracellular fluid to escape
(“runny nose”)

Decreased natural defenses


of the respiratory tract

Bacterial adhesion to
epithelial cells

Pneumonia may result from


a viral pathogenesis or from
a secondary bacterial
infection.
No cilia and goblet cells

Complete denudation of epithelial cells

Intact epithelial cells


Influenza

 Diagnosis:
 Rapid diagnostic test in outpatient
settings
Tuberculosis

 Etiology:
 infectious
disease caused by the
mycobacterium, M. tuberculosis.

 Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis is


the most frequent form of tuberculosis
that threatens humans.
Tuberculosis

 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
hominis is an airborne infection
spread by minute, invisible
particles, called droplet nuclei
Tuberculosis
 Pathogenesis.
 The pathogenesis of tuberculosis in a
previously unexposed immunocompetent
person is centered on the development of a
cell-mediated immune response
Inhaled droplet nuclei pass down the bronchial tree and deposit in the
alveoli

Some bacilli are phagocytosed by macrophages

a cell mediated immune response is initiated which controls the multiplication but does not
kill them (subpleural area of lungs and lymph nodes)

Ghon focus is formed (granulomatous lesions from the subpleural area


of the lungs)

Ghon complex (Ghon focus + lymph node granuloma)

Ghon complex undergoes healing, shrinkage, fibrous scarring, and


calcification

If immune mechanisms decline or fail, has the potential to develop into


secondary tuberculosis.

Pathogenesis of Primary TB
 Primary TB develops in
previously unexposed people
 Primary progressive
tuberculosis (secondary TB or
reactivated TB) represents
either reinfection from inhaled
droplet nuclei or reactivation of
a previously healed primary
lesion.
Lung Cancer

 Causes:
 Smoking
 Exposure to asbestos
 Familial disposition
 Passive smoking
Pathogenesis

 Lung cancers are being identified as aggressive or


nonaggressive, locally invasive, and widely metastatic
tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of major
bronchi.
 These tumors begin as small mucosal lesions.
 They may invade the bronchial mucosa and infiltrate the
peribronchial connective tissue, or extend into the adjacent
lung tissue.
 have the capacity to synthesize bioactive products and
produce paraneoplastic syndromes
Lung Cancer

Types of Lung Cancer:


 Small Cell Lung Cancer
(SCLC)
 Non Small Cell Lung
Cancer (NSCLC)
Lung Cancer

 The SCLCs are characterized by a distinctive


cell type—small round to oval cells that are
approximately the size of a lymphocyte.
 The cells grow in clusters.
Lung Cancer

 This cell type has the strongest


association with cigarette.
 highly malignant, tend to infiltrate
widely, disseminate early in their course,
and rarely are resectable.
 associated with several types of
paraneoplastic syndrome
Lung Cancer

 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer


(NSCLCs)

 1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma


 2. Adenocarcinoma
 3. Large-Cell carcinoma
Lung Cancer

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