CHAPTER TWO

Wireless communication and Mobile

operating system

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 Mobile OS
• Is the operating system that controls a mobile device similar
in principle to an operating system such as Windows, Mac OS,
or Linux that controls a desktop computer or laptop

• A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is

an operating system that is specifically designed to run
on mobile devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs,
tablet computers and other handheld devices

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 Types of Mobile OS

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Symbian(Nokia)
• Market share(2010): 37.6%( #1 )
• License : open source
• Company: Nokia.
• CPU Architecture: ARM
• Programmed in: C++
• Application store: Symbian
Horizon,Ovistore(10000+)
• Package manager: Nokia Ovi Suite
• Other: multi-touch, easily affordable cost

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Pros
• Massive global reach
• Leads WW market with 62% of smartphone traffic

• being open source could help accelerate pace of innovation

• Issues
• Limited reach in the US

• Application distribution more difficult today vs. iPhone’s app

store
• Manufacturer dependent

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Android(Google)

• Market share(2010): 22.7%

• License : open source

• Company: Open Handset Alliance(Google).

• CPU Architecture: ARM, x86

• Programmed in: C, C++, Java

• Application store: Android market(100,000+)

• Package manager: APK

• Other: multi-touch, Linux

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Pros:
• Open source => accelerate pace of innovation

• Manufacturer-independent => could help accelerate

consumer adoption

• Technology support (e.g., touchscreen, GPS,

accelerometer, video and still cameras)

• Issues:
• Late to market relative to iPhone

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 Types of Mobile OS
• BlackBerry RIM OS

• Market share(2010): 16.0%

• License : Proprietary

• Company: Research in motion (RIM).

• CPU Architecture: ARM

• Programmed in: Java

• Application store: Blackberry App World(30000+)

• Package manager: Blackberry Desktop Manager

• Other: not multi-touch, push email service

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Pros:
• Large reach and data-hungry user base
• Leads US market with 31% of smartphone traffic
• #3in WW market with 11% of smartphone traffic
• Developers not limited to single distribution channel
• Issues:
• Less Developer momentum
• Application distribution more difficult today vs. iPhone’s app
store
• Users more email focused vs. web consuming iPhone users
• RIM / hardware dependent

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Apple iOS

• Market share(2010): 15.7%

• License : Proprietary

• Company: Apple.

• CPU Architecture: ARM

• Programmed in: C, C++, Objective-C

• Application store: Apple App Store(300,000+)

• Package manager: iTunes

• Other: Mac OS X, multi-touch, for iphone ,ipod touch ipad, Apple Tv

only

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Pros:
• Strong user growth and data-hungry user base
• More than 10 million iPhones sold
• Application store creating a vibrant app ecosystem with great
momentum
• More than 3K applications (~20% free)
• More than 1 million downloads
• Powerful technology (e.g., multi-touch, GPS, accelerometer)
• Issues:
• App approval process is largely a black-box to developers
• Apps viewed as competitive to Apple are often shut down
• App store is the only authorized distribution channel
• Apple / hardware dependent

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Windows Mobile

• Market share(2010): 4.2%

• License : Proprietary

• Company: Microsoft.

• CPU Architecture: ARM

• Programmed in: C++

• Application store: Windows Marketplace for Mobile

• Package manager: Windows Mobile Device Center/ ActiveSync

• Other: multi-touch, Windows CE

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Pros
• Strong user reach
• #2 in US market with 30% of smartphone traffic
• Manufacturer independent
• >18K apps
• Windows Mobile 7 support refurbish UI and multi-touch
• Issues
• Less developer enthusiasm vs. that for iPhone and Android
• Application distribution more difficult today vs. iPhone’s
app store

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Others

• Palm OS- mobile operating system initially

developed by Palm
• webOS – Mobile operating system from HP/Palm

• Bada - Mobile operating system developed by

Samsung Electronics
• MeeGo OS – from Nokia and Intel (open source,
GPL)

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 More on Mobile OS
• AdMob metrics (http://www.admob.com/s/solutions/metrics)
• Metrics
• Opera State of the Mobile Web Report (
http://www.opera.com/mobile_report/)
• Mobile OS introductions / summaries
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_OS
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_OS
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Android
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_OS
• Comparison / analysis
• http://www.brighthand.com/default.asp?newsID=14142
• http://www.osnews.com/story/20329/SDK_Shoot-Out_Android_vs_iPhone
• http://weblog.infoworld.com/fatalexception/archives/2008/09/sdk_shoot
out_an.html
• http://www.alleyinsider.com/2008/10/iphone-app-store-s-brutal-reality-ge
t-viral-or-don-t-quit-your-day-job
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 Mobile generation vs
wireless network generation ???????

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 What is Wireless Communication?
• Transmitting/receiving voice and data using
electromagnetic waves in open space.

• The information from sender to receiver is carrier over a

well-defined frequency band (channel)

• Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth and

Capacity (bit-rate)

• Different channels can be used to transmit information in

parallel and independently.

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 What is Wireless Communication?

• Wireless communication involves the transmission of

information over a distance without the help of wires,
cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.

• Wireless communication is a broad term that

incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and
communicating between two or more devices using a
wireless signal through wireless communication
technologies and devices.

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 Features of Wireless Communication
• The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements
with its effective features.

 The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters

(for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of
kilometers (for example, radio communication).

 Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless

access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.

 Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include

GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and
headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast
television and cordless telephones.

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 Example

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 Terms in Mobile Telephony

• Mobile Station (MS) − The Mobile Station (MS) communicates the

information with the user and modifies it to the transmission
protocols of the air interface to communicate with the BSS.

• The user information communicates with the MS through a

microphone and speaker for the speech, keyboard and display for
short messaging and the cable connection for other data terminals.

• The mobile station has two elements Mobile Equipment (ME) and
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).

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 Terms in Mobile Telephony
• Mobile Equipment (ME) − ME is a piece of hardware that
the customer purchases from the equipment manufacturer.
• The hardware piece contains all the components needed
for the implementation of the protocols to interface with
the user and the air-interface to the base stations.

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 Terms in Mobile Telephony

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) − This is a smart card issued at

the subscription to identify the specifications of a user such as
address and type of service.

• The calls in the GSM are directed to the SIM rather than the
terminal.

• SMS are also stored in the SIM card.

• It carries every user's personal information which enables a number

of useful applications.

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 Terms in Mobile Telephony

• Base Station (BS) − A base station transmits and

receives user data.
• When a mobile is only responsible for its user's data
transmission and reception, a base station is capable to
handle the calls of several subscribers simultaneously.
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS) − The user data
transmission takes place between the mobile phone and
the base station (BS) through the base transceiver
station.
• A transceiver is a circuit which transmits and receives,
i.e., does both.

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 Terms in Mobile Telephony

• Mobile Switching Center (MSC) − MSC is the hardware part of the

wireless switch that can communicate with PSTN switches using the
Signaling System 7 (SS7) protocol as well as other MSCs in the
coverage area of a service provider.

• The MSC also provides for communication with other wired and
wireless networks as well as support for registration and maintenance
of the connection with the mobile stations.

• The following image illustrates the parts of different sub-systems.

• HLR, VLR, EIR and AuC are the sub-systems of Network sub-system.

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 Terms in Mobile Telephony

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 Terms in Mobile Telephony

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 Terms in Mobile Telephony

• Channels − It is a range of frequency allotted to particular service

or systems.
• Control Channel − Radio channel used for transmission of call setup,
call request, call initiation and other beacon or control purposes.
• Forward Control Channel(FCC) − Radio channel used for
transmission of information from the base station to the mobile
• Reverse Channel(RC) − Radio channel used for transmission of
information from the mobile to base station.
• Voice Channel(VC) − Radio channel used for voice or data
transmission.
• Handoff − It is defined as the transferring a call from the channel
or base station to another base station.
• Roamer − A mobile station which operates in a service area other
than that from which service has been subscribed
• Transceiver − A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and
receiving radio signals.
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 Information Networks Infrastructure
• An information network infrastructure interconnects
telecommunication devices to provide them with means for
exchanging information.
• Telecommunication == Distance Communication
• Telecommunication devices are:
• terminals allowing user to run applications that communicate
with other terminals through the information network
infrastructure
• The basic elements
• Intermediate devices
• Media
• Telecommunications software
• End devices

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 Telecommunications network model

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Telecommunications network model

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Telecommunications network model

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 Example 1. PSTN and Cellular

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 Example 2. PSTN and data network

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 Existing Network Infrastructure

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 Evolution of information Networks

• Multiple services-multiple networks

• Converged networks

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 Multiple services-multiple networks
• Traditional telephone, radio, television, and computer
data networks each have their own individual versions of
the four basic network elements.

• In the past, every one of these services required a

different technology to carry its particular
communication signal.
• Additionally, each service had its own set of rules and standards
to ensure successful communication of its signal across a
specific medium.

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 Converged networks
• Technology advances are enabling us to consolidate these disparate
networks onto one platform

• a platform defined as a converged network

• The flow of voice, video, and data traveling over the same network
eliminates the need to create and maintain separate networks

• On a converged network there are still many points of contact and many
specialized devices

• for example, personal computers, phones, TVs, personal assistants, and

retail point-of-sale registers - but only one common network
infrastructure.C

• Compare pictures on the following slides

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 Multiple Network

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 Converged networks

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 Emerging Systems
• Ad hoc wireless networks

• Sensor networks

• Distributed control networks

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 Ad hoc wireless networks
• Self- organizing wireless Network

• Real wireless
 Not engineered
 Nature of nodes erratic

Complete Wireless Networks

• The physical size of the network is determined by the maximum reliable

propagation range of the radio signals.

• Are self-organizing networks without any centralized control

• Suited for temporary situations such as meetings and conferences

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 Ad Hoc Network
• A wireless ad-hoc network is a decentralized type of
wireless network.

• The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a

preexisting infrastructure, such as routers in wired networks
or access points in managed (infrastructure) wireless
networks.

• Each node participates in routing by forwarding data for

other nodes, and so the determination of which nodes forward
data is made dynamically based on the network connectivity.

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 Ad Hoc Network

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 Ad Hoc Network characteristics

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 Sensor Networks
• Nodes powered by non-rechargeable batteries

• Data flows to centralized location.

• Low per-node rates but up to millions of nodes (smart dust).

• Data highly correlated in time and space.

• Nodes can cooperate in transmission, reception, compression, and

signal processing

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 Cont..

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