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Lecture 3

The document discusses key concepts in sensation and perception including: 1. Sensation is the stimulation of sensory receptors by physical stimuli while perception is the brain's interpretation of sensory information. 2. The sensory process involves different senses absorbing energy and sending neural signals to specialized brain regions. 3. Perceptual processes like attention, form perception, depth perception and constancy influence how we interpret sensations. 4. Individual differences and experiences can impact one's perceptions.

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Raja Awais Liaqaut
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72 views

Lecture 3

The document discusses key concepts in sensation and perception including: 1. Sensation is the stimulation of sensory receptors by physical stimuli while perception is the brain's interpretation of sensory information. 2. The sensory process involves different senses absorbing energy and sending neural signals to specialized brain regions. 3. Perceptual processes like attention, form perception, depth perception and constancy influence how we interpret sensations. 4. Individual differences and experiences can impact one's perceptions.

Uploaded by

Raja Awais Liaqaut
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SENSATION &

PERCEPTION
Lecture 3
CONTENT:

 Sensation,
 Perception,

 Sensory Process,

 Perceptual Processes.
SENSATION:

 The stimulation of a sensory receptor which


produces neural impulses that the brain interprets
as a sound, visual image, odor, taste, pain, etc.

 Sensation occurs when sensory organs absorb


energy from a physical stimulus in the
environment. Sensory receptors then convert this
energy into neural impulses and send them to the
brain.
PERCEPTION:

 When the brain organizes the information and


translates/interprets it into something meaningful
(selective attention) or something that can be
made sense of or rationalized by us.

 Perception
is how one "receives" this feeling or
thought, and gives meaning to it through
memories and emotions.
PERCEPTION:

 Perception is mainly how our brain interprets a


sensation. Information is obtained through
collector, receptor, transmission, and coding
mechanisms.

 Sensation and perception compliment each other


to create meanings from what we experience, yet
they are two completely different ways of how
we interpret our world.
SENSORY PROCESS:
 All senses operate similarly, but each receives
different information and sends it to a
specialized region in the brain.

 Each sense activates a different part of the brain.

 The brain interprets physical energy from the


outside world as nerve signals and processes
them into ways that they can be used.
SENSES:

These signals are received by the senses:


 Vision,

 Hearing,

 Smell,

 Gustation,

 Skin senses.
DIFFERENCE B/W
SENSATION &
PERCEPTION:
 The sense organs register the stimulus – with it's
physical properties, "decode" it, and transform it
into a neural signal that is then transmitted to the
brain.

 Inthe brain, the neural signal is organized and


interpreted. Perception involves "making sense"
of our sensations.
PERCEPTUAL
PROCESSES:

 Our sense organs are bombarded by multitude of


stimuli, yet we perceive only a few of them
clearly.

 Perceptualprocesses transform sensory inputs


into what we actually experience.
PERCEPTUAL
PROCESSES:

Perceptual Processes includes:

 Attention,

 Form Perception,
 Visual Depth Perception,

 Constancy,

 Movement Perception,

 Plasticity,

 Individual Differences.
1. ATTENTION:

Attention is the term given to the perceptual


processes that select certain inputs for inclusion in
our conscious experience or awareness, at any
given time.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ATTENTION:
The main characteristics of attention are:

Focus,
Margin,
Constant shifting.
PROCESSING OF
INFORMATION &
ATTENTION:
Focus in perception switches from time to time by
using the concept of filtering.

Filtering depends on:

 ParallelProcessing,
 Serial Processing.
FILTER MODELS OF
ATTENTION:
“Inputs in the margin shifts to focus when various
attention-getting features of the environment are
present in the filtered input”.

Attention depends on the type of stimuli:

 IntenseStimuli,
 Novel Stimuli.
FILTER MODELS OF
ATTENTION:
Filter models of attention differ with respect to
where the blocking occurs in the sensory channels:

 where blocking occur in sensory channels,


 Idea of processing capacity.
2. FORM PERCEPTION:

 The ability to distinguish an object from its


general background is basic to all form
perception.

 The fundamental process in form perception is


the recognition of a figure on a ground.
FORM PERCEPTION:
CONTOURS IN VISUAL
FORM PERCEPTION:
 Contours are formed whenever a marked
difference occurs in the brightness or color of the
background.

 Contours give shape to the objects in our visual


world because they mark one object off from
another or they mark an object off from the
general ground.
LAWS OF PERCEPTUAL
ORGANIZATION:
The Law of Perceptual Organization presented by
Gestalt psychologists states that
“the whole is more than the sum of its parts”.

Perceptual experience has properties which cannot


be predicted from a simple analysis of the
components.
PRINCIPLES OF LAW OF
PERCEPTUAL
ORGANIZATION:
Laws of perceptual organization has the following
organizing principles:

 Proximity,

 Similarity,

 Symmetry,

 Continuation,

 Law of closure.
LAW OF PERPETUAL
ORGANIZATION:
LAW OF CLOSURE:
3. VISUAL DEPTH
PERCEPTION:

We are able to make use of information or cues, in


the sensory input to generate the three dimensional
world that we see.

Cues used to see depth and distance are:


Monocular cues,
Binocular cues.
VISUAL DEPTH
PERCEPTION:
MONOCULAR CUES USED
FOR DEPT PERCEPTION:
Cues that operate when one eye is looking are
called Monocular cues.

These cues are used by painters to give us three


dimensional experience from a flat painting.
FUNCTIONS OF
MONOCULAR CUES:
The main functions of Monocular cues include:

 Linear Perspective,
 Clearness,

 Interposition,

 Shadows,

 Gradient of Texture,

 Movement.
INTERPOSITION:
BINOCULAR CUES FOR
DEPTH PERCEPTION:
 Binocular cues help in judging how far things
are due to the fact that we have two eyes, which
helps in strengthening perception in depth.

 Informationtaken in by both eyes that aids in


depth perception, including retinal disparity.
BINOCULAR CUES FOR
DEPTH PERCEPTION
(CONTD.):
 Retinaldisparity is the way left eye and right eye
view slightly different images.
4. CONSTANCY:

 The ability to recognize the same object as


remaining “constant” under different conditions,
such as changes in illumination, distance or
location.

 Theability to look at an object and identify it from


any angle, under any conditions.
TYPES OF PERPETUAL
CONSTANCY:
Following are the main types of Perpetual
Constancy:

 SizeConstancy,
 Shape Constancy,

 Color Constancy.
SHAPE CONSTANCY:
SIZE CONSTANCY:
ILLUSIONS:

Illusions demonstrate that what we perceive often


depends on processes that go far beyond.

 Ponzo Illusion,
 Muller-Lyer Illusion.
5. MOVEMENT
PERCEPTION:

Adaptive behavior in the visual world requires that


we perceive movement accurately.

 Realmotion,
 Apparent motion.
APPARENT MOTION:

Apparent motion is the movement perceived in the


absence of physical movement of an image.

 Stroboscopicmotion,
 Induced movement.
6. PLASTICITY
PERCEPTION:

 Theability of the nervous system to adapt or


change as a result of experience.

 Plastic
changes in perception has been matched
with plastic changes in brain.
NATURE & NURTURE:

 Nature refers to the innate processes that


influence behavior and perception.

 Nurturerefers to learning and effects of


environment on behavior and perception.
IMPORTANCE OF NATURE
& NURTURE:
 The importance of nature or nurture as well as
the ways in which they interact, will probably
depend on what aspect of perception is being
studied, on the part of the brain that is under
investigation.
7. INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES:
 Individual differences in learning, expectations, motives
and perceptual styles at work cause variations in person’s
perception compared to others.

 Perceptual Learning
REFERENCES:

 Morgan, King, Weisz and Schopler (2009)


Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Prentice
Hall.

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