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Principle of Biochemical Engineering: Manam Walait Lecturer FLS, UCP Lahore

Biochemical engineering applies biological and engineering principles to develop processes to produce products like antibiotics, vaccines and enzymes using microbes. It involves understanding microbial growth kinetics, nutrient requirements, and measurement techniques like turbidity, cell counting, and biochemical analysis to optimize industrial scale bioprocesses. The overall goal is to efficiently convert raw materials into useful products through upstream and downstream processing using bioreactors.

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61 views

Principle of Biochemical Engineering: Manam Walait Lecturer FLS, UCP Lahore

Biochemical engineering applies biological and engineering principles to develop processes to produce products like antibiotics, vaccines and enzymes using microbes. It involves understanding microbial growth kinetics, nutrient requirements, and measurement techniques like turbidity, cell counting, and biochemical analysis to optimize industrial scale bioprocesses. The overall goal is to efficiently convert raw materials into useful products through upstream and downstream processing using bioreactors.

Uploaded by

Jawad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principle of Biochemical

Engineering
Manam Walait
Lecturer
FLS, UCP Lahore
Biochemical Engineering
• Branch of chemical engineering 
• Applies technological advancements to biological materials
• Combine knowledge of biology, chemistry and engineering 
• To create products from raw materials
• Develop the processes and bioreactors.
Overview of a Bioprocess
RAW
MATERIALS

UPSTREAM
PROCESSES

Media Formulation
Inoculum Equipment
and
Preparation Sterilization
Sterilization

BIOREACTOR
- FERMENTER

Reaction Kinetics Transport Phenomena Instrumentation


and Bioactivity and Fluid Properties and Control

DOWNSTREAM
PROCESSES

Recovery and Waste Recovery,


Separation Purification Reuse and Treatment

THE BOTTOM
LINE

HEALTH AND
REGULATION ECONOMICS
SAFETY
Industrial Microbiology
• Study of the exploitation of the biochemical potential of microbes.
• For the production of various products:
Antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, solvents, vitamins etc.
• Developments of new products using genetic engineering.
Introduction to Microbes and Biological Molecules
• Microorganisms:
Unicellular or multicellular organisms
visible with the aid of a microscope
• Types of microorganisms:
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
• Division of microorganisms:
Bacteria
Yeasts
Fungi
Microbes and Biological molecules
• Microbes can lead to the production of many useful products.
• These products are difficult to synthesize through chemical
process.
• Biological processes for biological molecules.
• Biological molecules:
synthesized with the help of biological entity or living cells called
microbes.
Microbes and Biological molecules
For example:
1: ethanol-----alcoholic beverages, biofuel
2: citric acid-----food industry
3: vitamins-------Feed Supplements
4: glutamic acid-------Flavour enhancer
5: aspartic acid--------Food industry
Microbes and Biological molecules
6: Nucleotides--------Flavour enhancer
7: Phenylalanine--------Precursor of aspartic acid for sweeteners
8: Polysaccharides-------Food Industry and enhanced oil recovery
9: Lysine--------Feed Supplement
10: Enzymes-------Applications in Diverse fields like baking,
brewing, cereals, chocolate and cocoa, dairy, corn syrup, fruit
juices, meat, laundry, leather.
Microbial Growth
• Cell Cycle
Various events that occur during the growth of a single cell from its inception
till its time of division into two daughter cells.
1. M Phase: When mitosis occurs in the cells.
2. Interphase: daughter cells are from mitosis and cells enter into G-Phase.
3. G1 Phase: High rate of biosynthesis when cells take up most of the
nourishment.
4. S Phase: DNA synthesis occurs till the DNA content of cell has doubled.
5. G2 Phase: Initiation of mitosis for new daughter cells.
Cell Cycle
Nutrient Requirement in Cell Growth
1. Carbon: provided as pure Glucose or Sucrose or any other
raw material which has its major ingredient as carbohydrate.
2. Nitrogen: mostly provided as yeast extract (a complex and
natural source of nitrogen, carbon, sulphur, vitamins and fats)
3. Hydrogen: provided from water
4. Oxygen : It is provided from the air
5. CO2 : can be required for the growth of cells. Normally, air
CO2 is sufficient for cell growth.
Growth Kinetics
• Growth is the ratio between the birth and death of bacterial cell.
• Growth kinetics is the change in number or size of organisms
with respect to time.
Nomenclature:
 µ : Specific growth rate = rX /X
 rX : Rate of cell growth (volumetric rate of increase of cell
concentration X).
 X : Cell concentration (usually dry cell weight per volume)
Typical Microbial Growth in Bioreactor
• Lag Phase: Period of adaptation of the cells to their new environment.
Previously, cells have inactivated their metabolic pathways due to shortage of
food and they take some time to synthesize new enzymes for their growth.
• Log or Exponential: Plenty of Nutrients available, Cells divide optimally by
binary fission. Typically the ideal doubling time of Cells is 20 minutes.
• Stationary Phase: Some critical nutrient is depleted. Toxic Product or waste
product accumulation (cells growth slows down). Rate of cell growth equals the
rate of cell death.
• Death Phase: Living organism population decreases exponentially with time.
Continued accumulation of waste or toxins, exhaustion of nutrient, Inability of
cells to detoxify, Oxygen exposure.
Typical Microbial Growth in Bioreactor
Measurement of Microbial growth
• Turbidity
• Total cell Count
• Viable Count (CFU/ml)
• Biochemical analysis
• Graduated capillary tube
• Dried/wet cell Mass
Measurement of Microbial growth
1. Turbidity:
 Bacterial growth medium becomes cloudy, OD at 580 nm >1
measured by Spectrophotometer gives the estimate of
maximum microbial growth.
 Turbidity increases with increase in cell number.
 Absorbance is measured by Beer-Lambert Law.
Measurement of Microbial growth
Measurement of Microbial growth
2. Total cell Count:
 Microscopic counting by a calibrated device called as
Haemocytometer/ Neubauer Chamber.
 Dilute cell culture is put on the slide directly and the cells are
counted in each block under microscope.
 Concentrated cultures are first diluted and the counted.
Measurement of Microbial growth
Measurement of Microbial growth
3. Viable Count (CFU/ml)
 A cell which is alive and have the ability to increase their cell
number.
 Each viable cells on solid media gives rise to single colony,
therefore number of colonies on agar plate is called as the
colony forming units.
 Concentrated cultures are serially diluted and then spread on
plate and counted.
Measurement of Microbial growth
Measurement of Microbial growth
4. Biochemical analysis
 Biochemical measurement of cellular component e.g.
Nitrogen , total protein, total DNA, carbohydrate or some
special metabolic product.
 Indirect measurement of respiratory activity of cell by Oxygen
consumption or CO2 production measurement. This is also
called the measurement of rate of respiration.
Measurement of Microbial growth
5. Graduated capillary tube:
The cell culture is centrifuged and the measurement of height
of the pellet gives an estimate of cell growth.
6. Dried/wet cell Mass:
Microbial culture is harvested from the media broth and either
fresh weight of cells is measured or the cells are dried to constant
weight and then dried weight of cells is measured.

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