Organizational behavior

Topic-Perception

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 Perception- Introduction
 The process by which people select, organize,
interpret, and respond to information.
 Perception differs from person to person.
 
 Each individual perceives the same situation
differently.
 Employee’s tend to behave and act on certain things
on the basis of their perception.
 
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Perception

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 Perception- Definition
 STEPHON ROBBINS:
“Perception is a process by which individuals organize and
interpret the sensory impression in order to give meaning to
their environment.”

 FRED LUTHANS:
“Perception is an important mediating cognitive process
through which person make interpretations of the stimulus or
situation they are forced with.”
 
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 Importance of perception
Perception plays a very important role in shaping the
personality of an individual.
Perception is central in interpreting the world around us.
Perception is affects the outcome of our behavior because
we act on the basis of what we see.
An understanding of perception is important to
understand and control the human behavior.
 

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 Model of
Perceptual Process

Behaviour

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 Behaviour

Event

People objects

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 Behaviour

(2)Perceptual Mechanism:

 Selection

 Organization

 Interpretation

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ACTIVE PERCEPTION PASSIVE PERCEPTION

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 Behaviour

(3) Perceptual Output:

 Relational satisfaction

 Personal mood

 Past experience

 assumption about human behaviour

 knowledge
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 Behaviour

 Behavior is the outcome of the

cognitive process.
 It is an overt and covert response.
 Perceptual behavior
-is not influenced by reality,
-is a result of the perception process of
the individual, his learning and
personality, environmental factors and
other internal and external factors.
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 Factors of Perception
Factors are the touchpoints which shape or
deform perception.

Factors can be present in-

 The Perceiver
 The Target
 The Situation

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 Factors are present in the Perceiver
Interpretation influenced by the personal characteristics
The Halo and Horn Effect

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 Factors are present in the Target
Factors in the target object cannot be avoided and force their way
through their senses.

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 Factors present in the situation
When target and perceiver are same but we have a different perception
for the same entity, it is due to the situation.

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Factors affecting perception

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First Impression
Accord­ing to Daniel Katz:
 An individual self-censors his intake of
communications so as to shield his
existing beliefs and practices from attack.
 An individual seeks out communication
which support his beliefs and practices.

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Social and psychological needs
 Individuals perception is basically deter­
mined by their inner needs and motives.
They take things differently according to
their different needs and motives.
 Different needs results in different stimuli,
similarly people select different items to
satisfy their needs.

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Our mental set
• How actually a person views others or the rest of the world will
clearly decide that how he thinks about himself, or what his self-
concept is. It is largely based upon individuals complex psychological
make-up. Self-understand­ing helps understanding others.

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Past Experience
• Peoples perception is greatly influenced by their past experiences. A
person, having good experi­ence in past will perceive accordingly and
vice versa.

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Expectations
 Again expectations are major players in de­ciding how a person will
perceive. Expectations are related with the state of anticipation of
particular behavior from a person. E.g. If a person thinks that Mr. X
will never do any­thing good to him then even if Mr. X is right that
person will always remain under an impression that Mr. X is wrong.

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The story of two frogs.

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Status and group factors
 Perception is also influenced by the status of the perceiver. High
status people can have greater influence on perception of an
employee as compared to low status people.

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Interest
• The focus of our attention appears to be influenced by our interests.
Because our individual interests differ considerably, what one person
notices in a situation can differ from what others perceive. For
example, the supervisor who has just been reprimanded by his boss
for coming late is more likely to notice his colleagues coming late
tomorrow than he did last week. If you are preoccupied with a
personal problem, you may find it hard to be attentive in class.

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Mood
 Current psychological or emo­tional state of people plays an important
role in perception. Present position of the person defines how a
person will perceive thing. Like, a person in a good mood will perceive
in a different manner as compared to a person who is not in a good
mood.

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SPECIAL FACTORS
AFFECTING PERCEPTION
Perception is driven by internal and
external factors.
There are six types of EXTERNAL factors:
 SIZE
 INTENSITY
 CONTRAST
 FREQUENCY/REPETITION
 STATUS
 MOVEMENT
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What is bigger in size?

Jupiter has a mean radius of 43,440.7 miles (69,911

kilometers), about a tenth that of the sun. However, its
rapid rotation — it spins once every 9.8 hours — causes it
to bulge at the equator, where the diameter is 88,846
miles (142,984 km)

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SIZE
 The size of the object or stimulus has a greater impact on the perception
process because the size influences attention and recognition in a more
effective manner.

 However, generally the larger the object the more likely it will be
perceived. The amount of attention enhances with the size of the
newspaper advertisement exposed to the individuals

 The bigger is the size of the stimulus the higher is the probability that it
is perceived. Size attracts attention.

 The bigger the size of the perceived stimulus, the higher is the
probability that it will be noticed. Dominance is established by size and
it overrides other things and thereby enhances perceptual selection. 32
Intensity

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INTENSITY
Intensity – The intensity of stimulus implies that the more intense the stimulus audio or
visual, the more is the likelihood it will be perceived.

INTENSITY :- ATTRACTS TO INCREASE SELECTED PERCEPTION

 While reading a passage, a person comes across a few lines printed in bold letters. He
automatically pays more attention to these lines.
 Underlined sentences and so the ones in italics are generally more attentively read.
This increases perceptual selection.
 A loud noise or strong odour will be more readily perceived than soft sound or weak
odour. It is because of this advantage that advertisers employ intensity to draw the
consumers' attention.

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 CONTRAST
When a perception stands clearly out against a background, there is a greater likelihood of selection.

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 CONTRAST
An object which contrasts with the surrounding
environment is more likely to noticed the object
 External Stimuli that contrast with the surrounding
environment are more likely to be selected for SITE safety signs, which have black lettering
on a yellow background or white lettering on a
getting attention. A contrasting effect can be caused red background, are attentions getting.
by color, or any unusual factor.
 As per contrast principle , the external stimuli which
stands out against the background will receive more
attention .
 Contrasting objects have more impact on behavior.
The contrast principle states that external stimuli,
which stand out against the background or which,
are not what the people expect will receive
Any change in the accustomed CLIMATE
attention attracts attraction.
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 Repetition or Frequency
 The repetition principle states that a repeated
external stimulus is more attention getting than single
one .
 Repetition is used in advertising as a way to keep a
brand or product in the forefront of consumer's
minds.
 Advertisers while putting T.V. or radio advertisements
repeat the brand name they are advertising.

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 Motion or Movement
•The factor of motion implies that individuals attend to changing objects in their field of vision than to
static objects.

•Advertisers often use signs with moving lights or moving objects to attract attention.

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Novelty and Familiarity
A novel object in a familiar situation or familiar object in a novel situation
tends to attract attention.
Hey! You like
FRIENDS too?

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A number of factors operate to
shape and sometimes distort
perception.

These factors can reside in the

perceiver, in the object or
target being perceived or in the
context of the situation in
which the perception is made.

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 Internal Set Factors
The internal set of factors are as under:
a) Habit
b) Motivation and interest
c) Learning
d) Organizational and specialization

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1. Habit: Habits die hard and therefore individuals
perceive objects, situations and conditions
differently according to their habits.

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Habit

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2. Motivation and interest: Two examples of motivational
factors are hunger and thirst. Motivational factors increase
the individual's sensitivity to those stimuli which he
considers as relevant to the satisfaction of his needs in
view of his past experience with them.

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Motivation and interest

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3.Learning: learning is more pronounced in respect of
complex forms of perception where the symbolic
content creeps into the process. Although interrelated
with motivation and personality, learning may play
the single biggest role in developing perceptual set.

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4.Organizational role and specialization: The modern
organizations value specialization. Consequently the
specialty of a person that casts him in a particular
organizational role predisposes him to select certain stimuli
and to disregard others.

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 Power of Perception

 Self fulfilling prophecy

 Pygmalion effect
 Golem effect

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Self fulfilling prophecy

 “ A false definition of the situation evoking a behavior which makes

the originally false conception come true”
- Robert K. Merton

 A self-fulfilling prophecy is when a person unknowingly causes a

prediction to come true, due to the simple fact that he or she expects
it to come true.

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Self fulfilling prophecy

A belief about
the future

Results of Action taken

those actions because of
confirm the having the
original belief belief

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Self fulfilling prophecy

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Pygmalion effect

 The Pygmalion effect is a type of other-imposed self-fulfilling

prophecy that states the way you treat someone has a direct impact
on how that person acts. If another person thinks something will
happen, they may consciously or unconsciously make it happen
through their actions or inaction.

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Pygmalion effect

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Golem effect

• The Golem effect is a type of other-imposed self-fulfilling prophecy

that states the way you treat someone has a direct impact on how
that person acts. When people have low expectations for a person,
that person tends to perform poorly, thus meeting the low
expectations others have. This is the Golem Effect. 

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Golem effect

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'If you think you can do a thing or think you can't do a thing, you're right.’ 
- Henry Ford

Thank You
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