CE-UG-2018

Spring FEB-JUN 2020

Three basic types:

1- Pipes in parallel
2- Pipes in series
3- Branching pipes
Pipes in Series
 If a pipeline is made up of
lengths of different diameters, as
shown in figure, conditions must
satisfy the continuity and energy
equations;

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Incompressible Flow Through Pipes in Series
 When pipes of different diameters are connected end to end to form a
pipeline, so that the fluid flows through each in turn, the pipes are
said to be in series
 The total loss of energy, over the whole pipeline will be the sum of the
losses for each pipe together with any separation losses such as might
occur at the junctions, entrance or exit.
Example: Two reservoirs A and B have a different
level of 9m and are connected by a pipeline 200
mm in diameter over the first part AC, which is 15
m long, and then 250 mm diameter for CB, the
remaining 45 m length. The entrance to and exit
from the pipes are sharp and the change of sectio
at C is sudden. The friction co efficient f is [0.04]
for both pipes.
Incompressible Flow Through Pipes in Series
Solution:
 Find loss at entrance to pipe AC, as entrance is described as sharp edged,
therefore Ke’ = 0.5
 Loss of head at entry, -h1 = 0.5 V1 2/2g
 Using pipe friction equation find the friction loss at AC
 Find the loss of head due to sudden enlargement
 Find the friction loss using pipe friction loss using pipe friction equation from
C to B
 Find the loss of head at exit
 Form an equation by adding all the losses and equating to the total head loss
 Using continuity equation find V1 in terms of V2 or vice-versa
 Find V1 or V2
 Find volume flow rate Q using Q = V2A2
Pipes in Series
 Problem: Suppose in the Figure the pipes 1, 2, 3 are 300m of 30cm
diameter, 150m of 20cm diameter and 250m of 25cm diameter,
respectively, of new cast iron and are conveying 15oC water. If h=10m,
find the rate of flow from A to B.

Figure

8
From moody diagram,
we

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Problem
 Pipes in Parallel
 In the case of flow through two or
more parallel pipes, as shown in fig,
the continuity and energy equations
establish the following relations
which must be satisfied.

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Pipes in Parallel

Find the flow rates in each pipe ?

Head loss Eq. for

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Pipes in Parallel

Do Sample problem 8.18

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Incompressible Flow Through Pipes in Parallel
 When two reservoirs are connected by two or more pipes in parallel,
as shown in figure
 The difference of head h available to produce flow will be the same for
each pipe
 Each pipe can be considered separately entirely independently of any
other pipes running in parallel
 For incompressible flow, the steady flow energy equation can be
applied for flow by each route and the total volume rate of flow will be
the sum of the volume rates of flow in each pipe.
Incompressible Flow through pipes in Parallel
 Example:
 Two sharp-ended pipes of diameter d1=50mm, and d2=100mm, each of
length l=100m, are connected in parallel between two reservoirs which have
a difference of level h=10m, as shown. If the Darcy coefficient f= .032 for each
pipe, calculate:
a. The rate of flow for each pipe.
b. The diameter D of a single pipe 100m long that would give the same flow if it
was substituted for the original two pipes.
Solution Steps: (a)
1. Since the two pipes are in parallel, we can deal with each pipe independently and apply the
steady flow energy equation between points A and B on the free surfaces of the upper and
lower reservoirs, respectively.
2. For flow by way of pipe 1, write the energy equation between A and B
3. The total head loss would be the sum of pipe-friction, loss entrance loss and discharge loss.
4. PA=PB=atmospheric pressure and , vA and vB will be negligible, re-arrange the above equation.
5. Find the velocity using the above equation.
6. Find the volume flow rate, through pipe-1.
7. For flow by way of pipe 2, write the energy equation between A and B.
8. The total head loss would be the sum of pipe-friction, loss entrance loss and discharge loss.
9. PA=PB=atmospheric pressure and , vA and vB will be negligible, re-arrange the above equation.
10. Find the velocity using the above equation.
11. Find the volume flow rate, through pipe-2.
(b)
1. Replacing the two pipes by the equivalent single
pipe that will convey the same total flow.
2. Volume flow rate of flow through single pipe would
be equal to the sum of volume flow rate of the
individual pipes.
3. Find the velocity in single pipe in terms of D.
4. Apply the steady flow energy equation between A
and B and form the equation in terms of D.
5. Use trial and error for precise value of D.
Incompressible Flow Through Branching Pipes – The Three Reservoir
Problem

Flow Direction
Continuity Equation
Elevation of Imaginary reservoir P
Problems cases and solutions
Incompressible Flow Through Branching
Pipes – The Three Reservoir Problem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZhcV7
UTB-A
Incompressible Flow Through Branching Pipes –
The Three Reservoir Problem

 If the flow from upper reservoir passes through a single pipe, which then
divides and the two branch pipes lead to two separate reservoirs with
different surface levels, as shown in the figure. The problem is more
complex particularly as it is sometimes difficult to decide the direction of
flow in one of the pipes.
 Flow will be from D to B if the level of the hydraulic gradient at D is
above the level of the free surface at B.
 But if it is below the level of B, then flow will be in reverse direction from
B to D
 The hydraulic gradient cannot be drawn until the problem has been
solved
Incompressible Flow Through Branching Pipes –
The Three Reservoir Problem

 If zB > zD + pD/γ (imagine DB branch is closed and flow is from A to C only), flow will
initially be from D to B when branch DB is open
 In some cases conditions at D might then change sufficient for the flow to reverse but
if the correct assumption has been made, the continuity requirement that the sum
of the flows into the junction is equal to the sum of the flows leaving the
junction will be satisfied
 If this is not the case the assumed direction of flow must be reversed and a new
solution calculated
Problem
Incompressible Flow Through Branching Pipes –
The Three Reservoir Problem
 Problem: Water flows from reservoir A through a pipe of diameter d1
= 120 mm and length l1 = 120 m to a junction at D, from which a pipe
of diameter d2 = 75 mm and length l2 = 60 m leads to reservoir B in
which the water level is 16 m below that in reservoir A. A third pipe,
of diameter d3 = 60mm and length l3 = 40 m, leads from D to
reservoir C, in which water level is 24 m below that in reservoir A.
Taking f = 0.04 for all the pipes and neglecting all losses other than
those due to friction, determine the volume rates of flow in each pipe
Incompressible Flow Through Branching Pipes –
The Three Reservoir Problem

 Solution:
 Form an energy equation from A to B (neglecting the minor loss)
 Substituting the values and write an equation in terms of v1 and v2
 Form an energy equation for flow from A to C
 Substituting the values and write an equation in terms of v1 and v3
 For continuity of flow
 Flow through AD = Flow through DB + Flow through DC
 Q1 = Q2 + Q3
 Form an equation in terms of v1,v2 and v3 using the above continuity equation
 Solve the three simultaneous equation for v1,v2 and v3.
Pipeline with Pump or Turbine
• A pump lifts a fluid from on reservoir to another
• It does work in lifting the fluid to the some height and to
overcome the total friction head loss ƩhL (including minor
losses)
• The power, the pump delivers to the liquid is ɣQ (ΔZ + Ʃh L)
• The total pumping head would be hP = ΔZ + ƩhL
• If a pump discharges the stream through nozzle
• It lifts the liquid to height of ΔZ as well as it imparts K.E.
head of V22/2g, where V2 is the velocity of the jet
• Total pumping head hP = ΔZ + V22/2g + ƩhL
Pipeline with Pump or
Turbine
• The machine used to convert fluid energy into mechanical
work we call a turbine
• Potential energy is converted to mechanical energy
• Potential energy is proportional to ΔZ
• Part of energy is lost to hydraulic friction in the pipe and
remainder reaches the turbine
• Power that reaches the turbine is ɣQ (ΔZ - Ʃh L)
• ƩhL = Head Loss in supply line + submerged discharge loss
• ht represents the energy head , the turbine removes from the
fluid, this of course , is the same as the energy head the fluid
transfers to turbine
Solution