Chapter 8.

The Steady Magnetic Field

1. Biot-Savart Law
I1dL1  a R12
dH 2  (A/m)
4R122

dQ1a R12
cf) dE 2  (V/m)
4 o R122
 v
J   (Eq.(5) in Sec.5.2)
t
Dircet current only :  v is not a function of t
J  0   J  dS  0
S
IdL  a R IdL  a R Current Flow around a closed path!!
dH  
4R 2 H
4R 2

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-1

 Surface current density : K
uniform current density : I  Kb
Nonuniform current density : I   KdN
IdL  KdS  Jdv

K  a R dS J  a R dv
H H
S 4R 2 vol 4R 2

r  a  r  z a z R12  r  r  a   z a z
a   z a z
a R12  dL  dz a z
  z
2 2

Idz a z  ( a   z a z )
dH 2 
4 (  2  z 2 ) 3 / 2
 Idz a z  ( a   z a z ) Ia  dz 
H2  
4  (  2  z 2 ) 3 / 2

 4 (  2  z 2 ) 3 / 2

Ia z I
 H2  a
4  2  2  z 2 2


목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-2

 IdL  a R
dH  dL  dza z z   tan 
4R 2
dz   sec 2  d a R  cos a   sin a z
I sec 2 da z  (cos a   sin a z )
dH 
4 (  2  z 2 )
I sec 2 d cos a I cos 
  a  d
4 2 sec 2  4

2 I
H   dH  (sin  2  sin 1 )a
1 4

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-3

2. Amperes’s Circuital Law

• The line integral of H about any closed path is exactly equal

to the direct current enclosed by that path.

 H  dL  I
2 2 I
 H  dL   H  d H    d H   2  I  H  
0 0 2

I
H  ( a    b)
2
 2 I
  a : I encl  I 2 H  
a 2a 2
  c : H   0 (Shielding)
  2  b2 
b    c : 2H   I  I  2 
2 
 c b 
I c2  b2
H 
2 c 2  b 2
목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-4
 The magnetic field intensity is continuous
at all the conductor boundaries.
*Shielding

H can not vary with x or y. H y , H z  0. H x only exist.

H x1 L  H x 2 ( L)  K y L H x1  H x 2  K y
H x 3  H x 2  K y  H x 3  H x1
1 1
Hx  K y ( z  0) H x   K y ( z  0)
2 2
1
H K aN
2

A second sheet with K   K y a y at z  h.

H  K  a N (0  z  h) H  0 ( z  0, z  h)

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-5

Solenoid

Toroid

 H  dL H   2
 K a 2 (  o  a )

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-6

 3. Curl

• Gauss’s law ↔ Divergence : Ampere’s law ↔ Curl

 H y x   H y (x) 
 H  dL 


H yo 
x 2



y  


H yo 
x 2
(y )

 H x y   H x ( y ) 
  H xo  ( x)   H yo  x
 y 2   y 2 
 H y H x 
   xy  J z xy ( ΔI  J z xy )
 x y 

J z  lim
 H  dL  H y

H x
, J x  lim
 H  dL  H z  H y , J  lim  H  dL  H x  H z
y
x , y 0 xy x y y , z 0 yz y z z , x 0 zx z x

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-7

( curl H ) N  lim
 H  dL
S N 0 S N
ax ay az
 H z H y   H x H z   H y H x    

curl H    a    a    a   H
z   x y 
x y z
 y  z x   x y z
Hx Hy Hz

Curl: a line integral per unit area. Circulation per unit area.
Non-time-varying conditions

H  J The point form of Ampere’s circuital law

 E  dL  0    E  0

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-8

4. Stokes’ Theorem

 H  dL S
 (  H ) N  (  H)  a N
S
 H  dL S  (  H)  a N S  (  H )  S

 H  dL   (  H)  dS
S

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-9

  (  H)  dS   J  dS  H  dL  I
S S

• Stokes’ theorem relates a surface integral to a closed integral.

• The divergence theorem relates a volume integral to a closed
surface integral.

 A  T


vol
(    A)dv   Tdv
vol

Divergence Theorem :  (  A)  dS   Tdv  0

S vol

(The application of Stokes' theorem to a closed surface  0)

A  0

H  J  J  0

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-10

5. The Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density

• Define: The Magnetic Flux Density B   o H (free space only)

• The permeability  o  4  10 7 H/m

Magnetic Flux    B  dS Wb (cf,    D  dS  Q)

S S

 B  dS  0
S
B  0

• Maxwell’s equations(static electric field & steady magnetic field)

D   D   oE  D  dS  Q    dvv
S vol
E  0 B  o H  E  dL  0
H  J E  V
B  0  H  dL  I   J  dS
S

 B  dS  0
S

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-11

 I
H  ( a    b)
2
 I
B   o H  o a
2
d b  I  Id b
   B  dS    o a  ddza  o ln
S 0 a 2 2 a

6. The Scalar and Vector Magnetic Potentials

Define H  Vm
  H  J      Vm 
The curl of the gradient of any scalr is identically zero.

If H is to be defined as the gradient of a scalar megnetic potential, then current density

must be zero throughout the region in which the scalar megnetic potential is so defined.

H  Vm (J  0)

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-12

 • The scalar magnetic potential also satisfies Laplace’s equation.

  B  o  H  0  o   (  Vm )  0  2Vm  0 (J  0)

J  0 in the region a    b
I
H a
2
I 1 Vm
  Vm   
2  
Vm I I
 Vm   
 2 2

 9 17 7 15 23

At P,   , , , , or - ,- ,- ,
4 4 4 4 4 4

The electric potential V is single valued once a zero reference is assigned.

Vm is not a single - valued function of position.

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-13

 • The reason for this multivaluedness
b
  E  0 and  E  dL  0, therefore V  
ab
a
E  dL (independent of path)

  H  0 (wherever J  0) but  H  dL  I

b
Vm ,ab    H  dL (specified path)
a

• Vector Magnetic Potential(A), useful in studying radiation from

antennas, from apertures, and radiation leakage from
transmission lines, waveguides, and microwave ovens

B  0 B  A

1 1  o IdL  o IdL
H  A H  J   A A dA 
o o 4R 4R

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-14

Vector magnetic potential field about a differential filament

IdL  KdS  Jdv

 o IdL
A
4R

 o KdS
A
S 4R
dL  dza z
 o IdL  o Idza z
dA  
4R 4  2  z 2  o Jdv
A
vol 4R
 o Idz
dA z  , dA  0, dA  0
4   z 2 2

1 1  dAz  Idz 
dH    dA   a   a
o  o    
4  2  z 2  3/ 2

목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 8-15

FORCE ON A CURRENT ELEMENT

•The total force exerted on a

circuit C carrying current I that is
immersed in a magnetic flux
density B is given by

F  I  dl  B
C
16
 Force between two current elements

• Experimental facts:
F21 F12
– Two parallel wires  
carrying current in I1 I2
the same direction
attract.
– Two parallel wires F12
F21
carrying current in  
the opposite I1 I2
directions repel.
17
 Force between two current elements

• Experimental facts:
F12 = 0
– A short current-
 I2
carrying wire
oriented I1
perpendicular to a
long current- carrying
wire experiences no
force.

18
 Force between two current elements

• Experimental facts:
– The magnitude of the force is inversely
proportional to the distance squared.
– The magnitude of the force is proportional to
the product of the currents carried by the
two wires.

19
Force between two current elements

•The force acting on a current element I2

dl2

d (d F12 )   I dl
0 2 2 
by a current element I1 dl1 isI given
1
by
dl1  aˆ
R12

4 
R 212

Permeability of free space

0 = 4  10-7 F/m

20
Force between two current elements

•The total force acting on a circuit C2

having a current I2 by a circuit C1 having
current I1 is given by
0 I1I 2 
dl 2  dl1  aˆ
F 12   R12
4 C2 C
1
 R212

21
 Force between two current elements

• The force on C1 due to C2 is equal in

magnitude but opposite in direction to the
force on C2 due to C1.

F 21  F12

22
Force And Torque On A Clos
ed Circuit


F I B
_x_ dL



F IB   1
dL

Force And Torque On A Clos
ed Circuit

dT IdS  B

Magnetic Dipole Moment dm

dm IdS

dT dm  B

T IS  B mB
Force And Torque On A Clos
ed Circuit
DC Motor - Illustration
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
Electrical current flowing along a wire creates a magnetic
field around the wire, as shown in Fig. That magnetic fiel
d can be visualized by showing lines of magnetic flux, w
hich are represented with the symbol φ.
The direction of that field that can be determined using t
he “right hand rule”
• Faraday discovered is that current flowing through the
coil not only creates a magnetic field in the iron, it als
o creates a voltage across the coil that is proportional
to the rate of change of magnetic flux φ in the iron.

• That voltage is called an electromotive force, or emf, and

is designated by the symbol e.

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction:

•The sign of the induced emf is always in a direction that

opposes the current that created it, a phenomenon ref
erred to as Lenz’s law.
• In the magnetic circuit of Fig, the driving force, analogo
us to voltage, is called the magneto motive force (mmf),
designated by F. The magneto motive force is created
by wrapping N turns of wire, carrying current i

Magneto motive force (mmf )F = Ni (ampere − turns)

• The magnetic flux is proportional to the mmf driving force
and inversely proportional to a quantity called reluctance
R, which is analogous to electrical resistance,

• resulting in the “Ohm’s law” of magnetic circuits given by

Magnetic field intensity (H):

With N turns of wire carrying current i, the mmf create

d in the circuit is Ni ampere-turns. With l representing t
he mean path length for the magnetic flux, the magnet
ic field intensity is
• Faraday’s Laws:\

First law: EMF is induced in a coil whenever magnetic fiel

d linking that coil is changed.

Second law: The magnitude of the induced EMF is propor

tional to the rate of change of flux linkage.

Lenz’s law: This law states that the induced EMF due to c
hange of flux linkage by a coil will produce a current in t
he coil in such a direction that it will produce a magnetic
field which will oppose the cause, that is the change in fl
ux linkage.
Self-induced EMF and Mutually induce
d EMF
The EMF induced in a coil due to change in flux linkage
when a changing current flows through the coil is calle
d self-induced EMF.

when a second coil is brought near a coil producing ch

anging flux, EMF will be induced in the second coil du
e to change in current in the first coil. This is called mu
tually induced EMF.
 Self-Inductance of a
Coil

L is called the coefficient of self inductance or simply self inductance of the coil.
 Mutual Inductance
Consider two coils having N1 and N2 number of turns placed near each other as
shown in Fig
 Similarly, if we calculate the induced EM
F in coil 1, due to change in current in
Now, multiplying the expression for M as in (iii) and (iv) above,
coil 2, we can find the induced EMF e1 i
n coil 1 as
Inductance of Coils connected in series
having a common core

Coils connected in series in (a) cumulatively (b) differentially

Since the two coils are connected in series, the same current flows
through them.
 Due to mutual inductance, the EMF induced in coil 1 due to
change in current in coil 2 and vice versa are expressed a
s EMF induced in coil 1 due to change in current in coil 2 i
s

Now let the total equivalent inductance of the single circuit coil 1 and coil 2 as
they are connected as in be ‘Le’

The EMF induced in the whole circuit will, therefore, be

 Thus, equating the expression for ‘e’ ,the total EMFs as

When the coils are differentially connected,

Dot convention is used to determine the sign of induced voltage

Note:
If we use dot convention, it will not be required to know the w
ay the coils have been actually wound.
Example :The total inductance of two coils connected in series cumulatatively
is 1.6 H and connected differentially is 0.0.4 H. The self inductance of one coil
is 0.6 H. Calculate (a) the mutual inductance and (b) the coupling coefficient.

Sol:
Given,

or,