Scribd
Upload
17 views

The Liquid State & Solutions

This document discusses solutions and mixtures. It defines homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and explains that homogeneous mixtures can be further classified as solutions or colloids based on particle size. Solutions have particles between 0.1-2 nm while colloids have particles from 2-500 nm. The document then discusses key properties of solutions including solute, solvent, solubility, and how temperature affects dissolution. It also covers vapor pressure, boiling point, Raoult's law for ideal mixtures, and deviations from Raoult's law.

Uploaded by

Ewart
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

The Liquid State & Solutions

This document discusses solutions and mixtures. It defines homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and explains that homogeneous mixtures can be further classified as solutions or colloids based on particle size. Solutions have particles between 0.1-2 nm while colloids have particles from 2-500 nm. The document then discusses key properties of solutions including solute, solvent, solubility, and how temperature affects dissolution. It also covers vapor pressure, boiling point, Raoult's law for ideal mixtures, and deviations from Raoult's law.

Uploaded by

Ewart
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

CHM1102

Lecture
22 State & Solutions
The Liquid
Mixtures
• Mixtures can be classified as either heterogeneous or
homogeneous
• Heterogeneous mixture - mixing of components is
visually non-uniform and has distinct regions of
different composition e.g. sugar & salt, oil & water.
• Homogeneous mixture – mixing is uniform, (at least to
the naked eye) and has a constant composition
throughout e.g. seawater (sodium chloride with water)
and brass (copper with zinc).
• Homogeneous mixtures can be classified according to
the size of their constituent particles as either solutions
or colloids
Solutions
• A solution is a homogenous mixture of substances in which no
settling occurs.
• Contain particles with diameters in the range 0.1–2 nm.
• Colloids, such as milk and fog, contain larger particles, with
diameters in the range 2–500 nm.
• Suspensions have larger particles than colloids but particles
separate on standing
Solutions
• For solutions in which a gas or solid is dissolved in a liquid, the
dissolved substance is called the solute and the liquid is called
the solvent.
• The ability of a solid to go into solution depends on the
strength of attraction among particles.

• A supersaturated solution is one


where the amount of solute
dissolved is more than the
amount normally dissolved at that
temperature
Dissolution
• Solids in liquids: the smaller the magnitude of the solute-solute interactions,
the more readily dissolution occurs.
• Solubility is the mass of a substance that can dissolve in 100 g of water at a
given temperature.

Usually more of a solid or liquid


solute will dissolve in a solvent as
the temperature is increased
Dissolution
• Liquids in liquids: When a liquid dissolves in another, it is
said to be miscible.
• Polar liquids dissolve in polar solvents, e.g. ethanol, C2H5OH, will
dissolve in water, H2O.
• Non-polar liquids are soluble in other nonpolar solvents, e.g.
toulene and hexane are miscible.

• Gases in liquids: some nonpolar gases (CO2 and O2) will


dissolve in polar solvents such as water. Gases such as HF,
HCl and CO2 will dissolve in water due to hydrogen
bonding, ionization and other reactions.
Importance of Liquid Solutions
• When a substance is dissolved in a liquid it breaks down into its
constituent particles
• If it is covalent it breaks down into the molecules (e.g. Sugar)
• Ionic substances break down into the ions (e.g. NaCl into Na+ and Cl-
ions)
• This breaking up into small particles is very important for chemical
reactions
• It allows the particles to easily interact with each other to form
new
compounds
• Additionally many particles can interact at the same time thereby
increasing the amount of individual reactions occurring
• It also helps the particles to arrange themselves in the appropriate
orientation to allow the reaction to occur
Vapour Pressure
• A vapour is the gaseous form of the
liquid above a liquid (also a solid e.g.
iodine)
• This vapour is in equilibrium with the
liquid at a given temperature

• The amount of the vapour or pressure


is inversely related to the strength of
the intermolecular attraction of the
molecules in the liquid

• As the temperature is increased the


molecules will become more energetic
and larger amount of molecules will
come out of the liquid

• This leads to an increase in vapour


pressure as temperature increases
Boiling Point
• A liquid is said to boil when its vapour pressure is equal to the
external (atmospheric) pressure
• The boiling point (temperature) is the temperature at which the
vapour pressure is equal to the external (atmospheric ) pressure
• Therefore the boiling point of a pure liquid is controlled by the
external pressure exerted on the liquid
Raoult’s Law
• The vapour pressure of a liquid is affected by the amount of a
solute dissolved in the liquid

• In a mixture of liquids it may increase or decrease depending on the


nature of the intermolecular forces between the liquids
– Stronger intermolecular forces leads to reduced vapour pressure
– Weaker intermolecular forces leads to increased vapour pressure

• Francois- Marie Raoult found:


“The vapour pressure of a solvent is proportional to its mole fraction
in a solution” – Raoult’s Law
Or
“The vapour pressure of a volatile liquid is directly proportional
to the mole fraction of that liquid in an ideal mixture”

• An ideal mixture is one in which the intermolecular forces are the


same for both solute and solvent
Raoult’s Law
• For a non volatile solute
PA = X A P A0
– PA = Vapour Pressure of A
– XA = Mole fraction of A
– P 0 = Vapour Pressure of pure A
• Mole Fraction:
XA = nA/(nTotal)
– nTotal = nA + nB + nC + ….
nZ
• Generally
– XA + XB + XC + …. XZ = 1

• For a binary mixture


– XA + XB = 1
– XB = 1 – XA
Raoult’s Law
• For a mixture of two volatile liquids
PTotal = XA P A0+ XB P 0B
• Based on Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
PTotal = PA + PB
PTotal = XA P 0A+ (1-XA) P 0 B

• The vapour above the mixture will tend to have a larger amount of the
more volatile liquid
• This concept is used to separate mixtures of liquids using distillation
• Composition of Vapour
YA = PA/(PA+PB)

Useful website:
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/phaseeqia/idealpd.html
Ideal Mixtures
Deviations from Raoult’s Law
• If the vapour pressure is greater than that of
the ideal then the deviation is said to be a
positive deviation
– This leads to a decrease in boiling temperature
• If the vapour pressure is less than that of the
ideal then the deviation is said to be a
negative deviation
– This leads to an increase in boiling temperature
Deviations from Raoult’s Law
Vapour Liquid Composition

You might also like