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Lecture 4 - Atomic Theory

1. Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, and that atoms of each element are all identical but different from atoms of other elements. 2. Experiments by J.J. Thompson, Rutherford, and others led to the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons and the nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. 3. Atoms are characterized by their atomic number (Z), which is the number of protons, and their mass number (A), which is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same Z but different A.

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25 views17 pages

Lecture 4 - Atomic Theory

1. Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, and that atoms of each element are all identical but different from atoms of other elements. 2. Experiments by J.J. Thompson, Rutherford, and others led to the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons and the nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. 3. Atoms are characterized by their atomic number (Z), which is the number of protons, and their mass number (A), which is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same Z but different A.

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Ewart
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ATOMS AND

ATOMIC
THEORY

1
Historical Development
■ Robert Boyle (1627–1691): first to study chemistry as a separate
intellectual discipline and the first to carry out rigorous chemical
experiments.

■ Joseph Priestley (1733–1804): isolated oxygen in 1774


– 2 HgO  2 Hg + O2

2
Law of Conservation of Mass
■ In 1774, Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) showed the importance
of oxygen in combustion and demonstrated through experiments
the mass of combustion products equals the mass of starting
reactants.
■ This is known today as the Law of Conservation of Mass.
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
or
The total mass of substances present after a chemical reaction is
the same as the total mass of substances before the reaction

3
Law of Constant Composition
(Definite Proportions)
■ In 1799, Joseph Proust measured the elemental mass
composition of compounds using various samples.
■ He observed that elements combine in specific proportions, not
in random proportions.
■ This became known as the law of constant composition or
definite proportions.
Different samples of a pure chemical compound always
contain the same proportion of elements by mass.

4
Law of Constant Composition
The two samples described below have the same proportions of
the two elements, expressed as percentages by mass

5
Law of Multiple Proportions
■ 1803 to 1808 John Dalton proposed the law of multiple
proportions.
– Based on his realization that the same elements sometimes
combine in different ratios to give different chemical
compounds.

Elements can combine in different ways to form different


chemical compounds, with mass ratios that are small
whole-number multiples of each other.

6
Law of Multiple Proportions

7
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Elements are made up of tiny particle called atoms.
2. Each element is characterised by the mass of its atoms; all
atoms of the same element have the same mass but atoms of
different elements have different masses.
3. Chemical combination of elements to make different substances
occurs when atoms join together in small whole number ratios.
4. Chemical reactions only rearrange the way atoms are combined.
The atoms themselves are not changed.

8
The Electron
■ J.J. Thompson used cathode ray tubes; and applied a high voltage
across the electrodes.
– Proposed that the cathode rays consist of tiny, negatively
charged particles called electrons.

9
The Electron
■ In
  1897, Thomson was able to calculate the ratio of the
electron’s electric charge to its mass: its charge-to-mass ratio,
e/m.
= 1.758 820 ×108 C/g
■ Robert Millikan determined the electronic charge ‘e’ through a
series of oil-drop experiments (1906-1914):
1.6022 × 10-19 C.

– The mass of the electron was therefore found:

10
Models of the Atom
■ Plum pudding model of the atom was proposed
by Thompson
– Electrons floated in a diffuse cloud of
positive charge

■ From 1909 to 1911, Rutherford and company


began using alpha (α) particles to bombard thin
sheets of gold foil.
– Majority of particles passed through the
gold foil undeflected.
– A very small number of particles were
deflected at large angles.

11
The Nuclear Atom
■ The Nuclear Atom was thus proposed as a model.
– The atom was mostly empty space.
– Its mass is concentrated in a tiny central core
called the nucleus.
– The nucleus is positively charged.
– There are as many electrons outside the nucleus
as there are units of positive charge on the
nucleus.

■ Rutherford suggested the existence of fundamental


positively charged particles, protons.
■ Chadwick performed experiments to prove the
existence of the neutral particles in an atom,
neutrons.

12
Subatomic Particles

Particle Mass (g) AMU Charge (C) e


Electron 5 -1.6022 × 10-19 -1

Proton 1.007 276 +1.6022 × 10-19 +1

Neutron 1.008 664 0 0


13
Atomic Number (Z)
■ Elements differ from one another according to the number of
protons in their atoms’ nuclei, a value called the element’s
atomic number (Z).
– all atoms of a given element contain the same number of
protons in their nuclei.

(Z) =Number of protons in an atom’s nucleus


=Number of electrons around an atom’s nucleus

14
Mass Number (A)
■ The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called
the mass number, A.

15
Isotopes
■ Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons (atoms of
the same element) but different number of neutrons.
– The same atomic number (Z) but different mass numbers
(A).

■ E.g. Hydrogen has three isotopes:

16
■ Chlorine occurs naturally as two isotopes: Cl-35 and Cl-37. Cl-
35 has an atomic mass of 34.969 amu and an abundance of
75.77% while Cl-37 has an atomic mass of 36.966 amu with an
abundance of 24.23%.
What is the average atomic weight of chlorine?

17

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