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CHM1102 - Lecture 26

Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for all steps of the reaction, regardless of the pathway. This is because enthalpy is a state function that depends only on the initial and final states, not the path. Hess's Law can be used to calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction by breaking it into multiple steps with known enthalpy changes, then adding the values together. The steps involve selecting reactants and products, writing equations for each, canceling unwanted species, and combining the reaction enthalpies.

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45 views

CHM1102 - Lecture 26

Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for all steps of the reaction, regardless of the pathway. This is because enthalpy is a state function that depends only on the initial and final states, not the path. Hess's Law can be used to calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction by breaking it into multiple steps with known enthalpy changes, then adding the values together. The steps involve selecting reactants and products, writing equations for each, canceling unwanted species, and combining the reaction enthalpies.

Uploaded by

Ewart
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHM1102

Lecture 26
Hess’s Law
Hess’s Law
Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation
• Regardless of the multiple stages or steps of a reaction,
the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum
of all changes
• This law is possible because enthalpy is a state function
(does not depend on path)
• The change is only dependent on the initial and final
values
• To use Hess’s Law there must be a sequence of
reactions that adds up to the required reaction
• This process can be broken down into four (4) genaral
steps
Hess’s Law
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2 (g)
• Sequence
C(s) + ½ O2(g) → CO(g) ∆H° = - 110.5kJ
CO(g) + ½ O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H° = - 283.0kJ

• Adding the two equations


• C(s) + O2(g) → CO2 (g) ∆H° = - 393.5kJ
Hess’s Law
Step 1: Select one of the reactants in the overall reaction and write
a chemical equation in which it is a reactant

Step 2: Select one of the products in the overall reaction and write
down a chemical equation in which it is a product. Add this equation
to the equation in Step 1

Step 3: Cancel unwanted species in the sum obtained in Step 2 by


adding an equation that has the same species on the opposite side of
the equation

Step 4: Once the sequence is complete combine the reaction


Enthalpies

• It may be necessary to multiply some equations by some factor or


to reverse an equation.
• Reversing the equation will cause the sign of the enthalpy of that reaction
to be changed
Hess’s Law
3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g) ∆H° = ?

a) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2 (g) +4H2O(l) ∆H° = - 2220kJ (a)


b) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2 (g) ∆H° = - 394kJ (b)
c) H2 (g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H° = - 286kJ (c)

(b) x 3
∆H° = - 1182kJ (1)
1) 3C(s) + 3O2(g) → 3CO2 (g)
• Reverse (a)

2) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) → C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) ∆H° = + 2220kJ (2)

• Add eqtns 1 & 2


3) 3C(s) + 3O2(g) + 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) → 3
∆H° = + 1038kJ (3)
3CO2 + C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)
3C(s) + 4H2O(l) → C3H8(g) + 2O2(g)
(c) x 4
4) 4H2 (g) + 2O2(g) → 4H2O(l) ∆H° = - 1144kJ (4)

• Add eqtns 3 & 4


3C(s) + 4H2O(l) + 4H2 (g) + 2O2(g) → C3H8(g) + 2O2(g) + → 4H2O(l)
∆H° = - 106kJ

3C(s) + 4H2 (g) → C3H8(g) ∆H° = - 106kJ

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