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Covid Class

This document provides information about various topics in organic chemistry including stereoisomers, organic reactions, and reactions of alkenes and alkynes. It defines stereoisomers as isomers that have the same composition but differ in the orientation of parts in space, including enantiomers and diastereomers. It also outlines the four main types of organic reactions - addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement - and provides examples of reaction mechanisms and products for common reactions of alkenes and alkynes like hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration, and oxidation.

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Erica Nicole C. Labial
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39 views36 pages

Covid Class

This document provides information about various topics in organic chemistry including stereoisomers, organic reactions, and reactions of alkenes and alkynes. It defines stereoisomers as isomers that have the same composition but differ in the orientation of parts in space, including enantiomers and diastereomers. It also outlines the four main types of organic reactions - addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement - and provides examples of reaction mechanisms and products for common reactions of alkenes and alkynes like hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration, and oxidation.

Uploaded by

Erica Nicole C. Labial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COVID CLASS

MAKE-UP CLASS
STEREOISOMERS
• isomers that have the same composition but that differ in the
orientation of those parts in space.

2 KINDS OF STEREOISOMERS
• Enantiomers
• Diastereomers
ENANTIOMERS
• Molecules that are mirror
images but non-
superimposable

• 1 chiral center = 1 enantiomer

• Both have opposite


configurations (R&S)
ENANTIOMERS
R/S CONFIGURATION
R Configuration
• R means Rectus or Right
• Clockwise

S Configuration
• S means Sinister or Left
• Counterclockwise  Bigger Molecular weight, higher priority
 No to body shaming
DIASTEREOMERS
• Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another and are non-
superimposable on one another.
• Stereoisomers with two or more stereocenters can be diastereomers.
CIS-TRANS ISOMERS IN ALKENES

CIS TRANS
• Same side • opposite side
• For disubstituted alkenes • For disubstituted alkenes
• less stable than their trans • more stable than the cis
isomers due to steric strain isomer
E/Z DESIGNATION
More than 2 types of substituents

Z (German: together) E (German: Opposite)


• higher priority grps are on the • higher priority grps are on opposite
same side of the double bond. sides of the double bond.
4 KINDS OF ORGANIC REACTIONS

1. Addition
2. Elimination
3. Substitution
4. Rearrangement
ADDITION REACTION
• ALL reactants add together
• Double bond to Single Bond
• 2 Groups added to ADJACENT Carbons
ELIMINATION REACTION
• 2 Groups are removed from adjacent carbons
• Replaced by Pi-bond
SUBSTITUTION REACTION
• 2 reactants EXCHANGE Substituents
• AKA “The Pinagpalit”
REARRANGEMENT REACTION
• When a single reactant undergoes reorganization of bonds to
form an isomer
• “Hindi pinagpalit, iniba lang ang sched”
REACTION MECHANISM

• Description of how a reaction occurs

• Provides detailed explanation on how the bonds formed


and where the electrons will transfer/delocalize
2 WAYS TO BREAK A COVALENT
BOND
1. SYMMETRICAL 1. UNSYMMETRICAL
– Radical Forming – Polar Forming
– Equal split of electrons – Unequal split of electrons
– Uncommon – More common
PHILE PHILE NOT PEDOPHILE
1. ELECTROPHILE 1. NUCLEOPHILE
– Positive or Partially Positive – Negative or Partially Negative
– Attracted to Electrons – Attracted to Positive charge

TEST: E, N, or BOTH
1. NO2+ 3. CH3H2N
2. CN- 4. (CH3)3S+
NOTE!
• Electrons flow from Nucleophile to Electrophile
• Negative to Positive
REACTIONS OF ALKENES
• There are more than 10 but we will focus on the 5 most
common

1. HYDROGENATION
2. HYDROHALOGENATION
3. HALOGENATION
4. HYDRATION
5. OXIDATION (Acidic or Basic Medium)
HYDROGENATION
• Key word: HYDROGEN
• Addition of H2
• Catalytic Reduction/Elimination
• SYN addition because of Metal Catalyst

Pt
HYDROHALOGENATION
• Key word: HYDRO & HALOGEN
• Addition of Hydrogen & Halogen (H-X)
• Carbocation formation
• Markovnikov's Rule
HYDROHALOGENATION

HYDRIDE SHIFT is a carbocation ask


rearrangement in which a hydrogen atom in a
WHAT IS A
carbocation migrates to the carbon atom
bearing the formal charge of +1 from an
METHYL SHIFT?
adjacent carbon.
HALOGENATION
• Addition of Br & Cl to Alkenes
• Anti-addition
• Bromonium Ion instead of Carbocation
• Formation of Vicinal Dihalide
HALOGENATION
HYDRATION
• Addition of H2O to form Alcohols
• Formation of Carbocation intermediate
• Requires catalyst to form H3O+ to break pi-bonds
HYDRATION
HYDRATION
OXIDATION
• 2 OUTCOMES
a) HYDROXYLATION b) OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE
• KMnO4 in Basic Medium • KMnO4 in Acidic Medium
• Addition of -OH Group to each • Breakage of double bond
C=C
• Syn Addition
OXIDATION

b) OXIDATIVE
CLEAVAGE
• KMnO4 in Acidic Medium
• Breakage of double bond
ALKYNES
• Same with Alkenes

HYDROHALOGENATION

If HX is in excess, it will proceed to form single bonds.


HYDROGENATION OF ALKYNES
• Requires Catalyst to break pi-bond
• Syn addition

• Type of catalyst dictates your


product
• Lindlar's catalyst proceeds to
form Alkene
• Palladium will hydrogenate
until all are single bonds
HALOGENATION OF ALKYNES

• Same with alkenes


• Anti-addition
HYDRATION OF ALKYNES
• For terminal alkynes,
Enol rearranges to form a
ketone
• For internal alkynes,
mixture of isomers will
occur just follow
Markovnikov's rule.
• Requires strong acid to
form H3O+ again
HYDRATION OF ALKYNES
EXAMPLES

• Discuss why Pentene proceeds to make only 1 product?


• Discuss why Pent-2-ene has isomeric products?
EXAMPLES

Write the mechanism


EXAMPLES
THANKS BEACHES

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