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(G8 Sound

Sound is produced by vibrating matter that transfers energy to nearby particles, creating longitudinal sound waves of compressions and rarefactions. The speed of sound depends on the temperature, density, and elasticity of the medium, being fastest in solids and slowest in gases. Frequency determines the pitch of a sound, with a higher frequency producing a higher pitch. The Doppler effect causes changes in perceived pitch for a source or receiver in motion. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation detected by the human eye. It travels in straight lines and can be refracted when changing mediums. The visible light spectrum is a small portion of the broader electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges from long wavelength radio waves to short wavelength gamma rays having

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156 views

(G8 Sound

Sound is produced by vibrating matter that transfers energy to nearby particles, creating longitudinal sound waves of compressions and rarefactions. The speed of sound depends on the temperature, density, and elasticity of the medium, being fastest in solids and slowest in gases. Frequency determines the pitch of a sound, with a higher frequency producing a higher pitch. The Doppler effect causes changes in perceived pitch for a source or receiver in motion. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation detected by the human eye. It travels in straight lines and can be refracted when changing mediums. The visible light spectrum is a small portion of the broader electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges from long wavelength radio waves to short wavelength gamma rays having

Uploaded by

Jhen Bon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sound

24-1 What is Sound?


 I can explain how sound waves are produced.

 I can describe how sound waves are


transmitted.

 I can compare the phases of matter as to


their ability to transmit sound

 I can describe how the speed of sound is


affected by the density of the medium through
which it travels.
How sounds are made…
 Sound is produced when matter vibrates.

 As an object vibrates, it gives energy to the


particles of matter around it.

 Sound is a longitudinal wave.

 It moves with a series of compression and


rarefactions.
Sound Waves

Molecules in the air vibrate about some average position


creating the compressions and rarefactions. We call the
frequency of sound the pitch.
 Anything that vibrates produces sound.

 When you speak, your vocal cords vibrate.


 Particles of air simply move back and forth.

 A radio would NOT work in outer space


because there is not any medium for sound to
travel through.

 “If a tree falls in the forest and no one is


present to hear it, is there a sound?”
Speed of Sound
 Determined by the temperature, elasticity,
and density of the medium.

 Temperature
 Sound travels slower in lower temperature
 Sound travels faster in higher temperature

 Average speed of sound in air = 340 m/s


Medium Speed (m/s)

Air 343

Helium 972

Water 1500

Steel 5600
Elasticity & Density
 Sound can travel through any medium.

 Greatest speed in solids, slowest speed in


gases.

 Fastest in more elastic mediums, solids are


more elastic.

 In materials of the same phase, the more


dense the slower the waves travel.
24-1 What is Sound?
 I can explain how sound waves are produced.

 I can describe how sound waves are


transmitted.

 I can compare the phases of matter as to


their ability to transmit sound

 I can describe how the speed of sound is


affected by the density of the medium through
which it travels.
24-2 Properties of Sound
 I can describe the properties of sound waves.

 I can explain how frequency and pitch are


related.

 I can describe the Doppler effect.


Frequency & Pitch
 Sounds can be described by high or low
pitches.

 Pitch depends on how fast the particles of


the medium vibrate.

 Pitch is the number of waves in a given


amount of time, also known frequency.

 Meaning the pitch depends on the frequency.


Pitch

 A measure of how high or low a sound is


 Pitch depends on the frequency of a sound wave
 For example,

- Low pitch - High pitch


- Low frequency - High frequency

- Longer wavelength - Shorter wavelength


Doppler Effect
 Police car speeding by:
 Higher pitch as approached, lower pitch as
moving away.

 Change in pitch is referred to as the Doppler


effect.
 Occurs whenever there is motion between the
source of a sound and its receiver.
 Source or receiver must be in motion.
Doppler Effect
 Police car moving towards you, pushing waves
together causing:
 Shorter wavelengths, higher freq., higher pitch.

 Police car moving away from you, spreading


waves out:
 Longer wavelengths, lower freq., lower pitch
Loudness

Chart

Loudness is
related to the
amount of
energy
carried by a
wave.
Light
Light: a form of energy that can
be detected by the human
eye.
Visible light: is a light wave that
you can see. It is a mixture of
all the colors of the rainbow.
Properties of Visible Light...
Light travels in a straight line...
(rectilinear propagation)
 Refraction is the bending or changing
direction of a wave as it passes from one
material to another.
 White light (sunlight) is made up of waves
having different wavelengths and
frequencies.
•Except when white light passes through some
materials. It can bend.

Light refracts (Refraction)

Bent Stick
Visible Light Spectrum
 If light waves are passed through a prism, it is refracted into a
rainbow of colors.
 Each color has a different wavelength, longer wavelengths refract
less than shorter wavelengths
The constituent colors of white
light are:
Red
Orange ROY G BIV
Yellow **Red has the
Green smallest refraction
and violet has the
Blue greatest.
Indigo
Violet
Light and The Electromagnetic
Spectrum

Visible light (the light we see) is only a


small portion of the waves around us.
There are invisible waves around us, some
are travelling right through us.
Frequency, Wavelength and Energy
 The longer the wavelength, the lower the
frequency
A. Wave passes through an area once in a
second. Frequency = 1 Hertz

B. 4 waves pass through the same area in a


second. Frequency = 4 Hertz
What wave has the highest frequency?
 “B” has the highest frequency
 “B” has the shortest wavelength

What wave has the most energy?


• “B” has the most energy because it has
the highest frequency and it has the
shortest wavelength

High frequency waves


have shorter wavelengths
and produce more energy
Electromagnetic Radiation
The transmission of energy
in the form of waves that
extend from the longest
radio waves to the
shortest gamma rays.
Types of Electromagnetic
Radiation
1. Radio waves
2. Microwaves
3. Infrared Waves
4. Visible Light Spectrum
5. Ultraviolet Waves
6. X-Rays
7. Gamma Rays
Electromagnetic Spectrum Song
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
 The visible spectrum is a tiny portion of a much larger
spectrum of radiation called the electromagnetic
spectrum.

 Electromagnetic radiation is transmission of energy from


the longest radio waves to the shortest gamma waves.

See pages 152 - 154


Types of Electromagnetic Radiation
1. Radio waves:
 the longest wavelength and lowest energy and
frequency.
 Can be used to help us see the inside of our
bodies to diagnose illness. Ex. MRI

Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging
2. Microwaves:
 have the shortest wavelength and the highest
frequency of all radio waves.
 Ex. Microwave ovens, telecommunication
satellites, radio telescopes, radar (remote sensing)

Microwave
ovens use a
specific
frequency that
is strongly
absorbed by
water
molecules in
food.
3. Infrared Waves:
 longer wavelength = lower energy and
frequency.
 Infrared means below red
 Also called heat radiation
 Ex. Remote controls, computer, heat lamps,
motion sensors
LANDSAT
Infrared Radiation Image of Fire
4. Visible Light Spectrum
 Can be continually detected by our eyes.
 (look back at slide 12)
Wavelengths shorter than Visible Light
5. Ultraviolet Waves (UV):
 shorter wavelength =higher energy and
frequency. (Just beyond the visible region of the spectrum.)
 Very energetic
 Have the ability to kill bacteria in food and water
and medical supplies.
 Ex. Sun,

Wearing sunglasses and sunscreen help


protect you against harmful UV radiation.
6. X-Rays:
 have a shorter wavelength = higher energy and
frequency than UV.
 Used to photograph teeth, bones and the inside of
machines, security screening

X-Ray Imaging
7. Gamma Rays:

 have the shortest


wavelength = the highest
energy and frequency in the
electromagnetic spectrum.

 Result from nuclear reactions.

 Produced by the hottest


regions of the universe.
Gamma
rays can be
used to kill
cancer cells.

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