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Protocol Reference Model of OSI

The document describes the OSI reference model, which defines a 7-layer architecture for network communication. It was created to standardize network technologies and allow interoperability between systems. Each layer has a specific function and communicates with layers above and below through defined interfaces. While TCP/IP is now more commonly used, OSI provided an important framework for explaining networking concepts.

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emmanuel Aumsuri
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119 views

Protocol Reference Model of OSI

The document describes the OSI reference model, which defines a 7-layer architecture for network communication. It was created to standardize network technologies and allow interoperability between systems. Each layer has a specific function and communicates with layers above and below through defined interfaces. While TCP/IP is now more commonly used, OSI provided an important framework for explaining networking concepts.

Uploaded by

emmanuel Aumsuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Protocol Reference Model of

OSI
 Introduction to the OSI layer
 How OSI was created and why
 Comparison with TCP/IP
 Layers :
 Application layer
 Presentation layer
 Session layer
 Transport layer
 Network layer
 Data link layer
 Physical layer
 Conclusion
 Resources
 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
 Each layer support the layers above it and

offers services to the layers below


 Each layer performs unique and specific task
 A layer only has knowledge of its neighbour

layers only
 A layer service is independent of the

implementation
 An attempt for a framework for developing
networking technologies
 OSI became a tool for explaining the

Networking in general
 Before OSI was created people created their

Software/Hardware as they wanted it to be.


There was not any compatibility. Now OSI is
used as a rule set for all vendors to create
their Software/Hardware by using the
standards.
II OSI Overview

1. OSI - layered framework for the


design of network systems that allows
communication across all types of
computer systems.

2. The OSI 7 Layers. ( Brief functional


overview. )

3. Vertical and horizontal


communication between the layers
using interfaces. (defines what
information and services should the
layer provide to the layer above it. )
 Each layer contains a logical grouping of
functions
 Each function receive an input(one or more)

and produces an output


I History
1. The need for standardization
- many vendors, no interoperability
- no common framework

2. ISO and CCITT came up with


OSI (Open System Intercommunication) in
1984.

3. OSI Protocol Suite – unaccepted by


vendors and users. (TCP won)

4. OSI – a standard, which allows


communication between different systems
without requiring changes to the logic of
the underlying hardware and software.
Layer abstraction and the path of the message
OSI Overview

4. Data Encapsulation
a) PDU conception – each
protocol on the diff. layer
has its own format.
b) Headers are added
while a packet is going
down the stack at each
layer.
c) Trailers are usually
added on the second
layer.
 Pretty similar to OSI
 TCP/IP has less layers(four)
 Main difference in layers is after layer 4
 Applications and Services run on it
 Enables human network to interface the underlying data network
 Applications on that layer (E-mail clients, web browsers, Chats,
etc.) – top-stack applications (As people are on the top of the
stack)
 Applications provide people with a way to create message
 Application layer services establish an interface to the network
 Protocols provide the rules and formats that govern how data is
treated
 Protocols on the destination and the host must match
III The OSI Layers
7. Application Layer

◦ Provides user interfaces and


support for services
◦ Resource sharing and device
redirection
◦ Remote file access
◦ Remote printer access
◦ Inter-process communication
◦ Network management
◦ Directory services
◦ Electronic messaging (such as
mail)
◦ Network virtual terminals
 Coding and conversion of Application layer data to ensure that data
from the source device can be interpreted by the appropriate
application on the destination device.
 Compression of the data in a manner that can be decompressed by
the destination device.
 Encryption of the data for transmission and the decryption of data
upon receipt by the destination.
 This is the layer at which application programmers consider data
structure and presentation
 Examples: GIF, JPEG, TIFF, etc.
 Sometimes n distinction is made between the presentation and
application layers. For example http/https. HTTP is generally
regarded as an application layer protocol although it has
Presentation layer aspects such as the ability t identify character
encoding for roper conversion
The OSI Layers
6. Presentation Layer

◦ Translation (connects different


computer systems)
◦ Compression (transmission
efficiency)
◦ Encryption (SSL security)
 Functions at this layer create and maintain
dialogs between source and destination
applications
 Authentication
 Permissions
 Session Restoration (Checkpoint or recovery)
The OSI Layers
5. Session Layer

◦ Session establishment,
maintenance and termination
(Deciding who sends, and
when.)
◦ Session support (security,
name recognition, logging )
 Tracking the individual communication between applications on
the source and destination hosts
 Segmenting data and managing each piece
 Reassembling the segments into streams of application data
 Identifying the different applications
 Conversation Multiplexing
 Segments
 Connection-oriented conversations
 Reliable delivery
 Ordered data reconstruction
 Flow control
 TCP – Web Browser
 UDP – Video Streaming Applications
The OSI Layers
4. Transport Layer

◦ Connectionless and connection-


oriented services
◦ Process-Level Addressing
◦ Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
◦ Segmentation, Packaging and
Reassembly
◦ Connection Establishment,
Management and Termination
◦ Acknowledgments and
Retransmissions
◦ Flow Control
 Addressing (IPV4)
 Encapsulation (Inserts a header with source

and destination IPs)


 Routing (Move a packet over the Internet)
 Decapsulation (Open the packet and check

the destination host)


 IP is connectionless
The OSI Layers
3. Network Layer

◦ Logical Addressing
◦ Routing (where the packet is
destinated to)
◦ Datagram Encapsulation
◦ Fragmentation and Reassembly
(handling too big packets )
◦ Error Handling and Diagnostics
( using status messages for
example )
End to end packet delivery
 It is the role of the OSI Data Link layer to prepare Network layer packets
for transmission and to control access to the physical media.
 Allows the upper layers to access the media using techniques such as
framing
 Controls how data is placed onto the media and is received from the
media using techniques such as media access control and error detection
 Frame - The Data Link layer PDU
 Node - The Layer 2 notation for network devices connected to a common
medium
 Media/medium - The physical means for the transfer of information
between two nodes
 Network - Two or more nodes connected to a common medium
 The Data Link layer is responsible for the exchange of frames between
nodes over the media of a physical network.
The OSI Layers
2. Data Link Layer
2.1. Logical Link Control (LLC )
◦ Establishment and control of logical
links between local devices on a
network.
2.2. Media Access Control (MAC)
◦ The procedures used by devices to
control access to the network
medium.
◦
• Frame sequencing
• Frame acknowledgment
• Addressing
• Frame delimiting
• Frame error checking
• PDU: frame
 The role of the Physical layer is to encode the
binary digits that represent Data Link layer
frames into signals and to transmit and
receive these signals across the physical
media that connect network devices.
 Copper cable
 Fiber
 Wireless
The OSI Layers
1. Physical Layer

• Definition of Hardware
Specifications (of cables,
connectors, wireless radio
transceivers, network interface
cards )
• Encoding and Signaling (bit
representation)
• Data Transmission and Reception
(half duplex, full duplex )
• Topology and Physical Network
Design (mesh, ring, bus)
• PDU: bit
OSI Summary
 The way people learn Networking
 A standard for software
 A standard for hardware
 Seven layers architecture
 Each layer independent on the others
 Similar to TCP/IP(TCP/IP explained)
 OSI is used as a model for developing

network aware applications(Here I mean that


people use its structure to model software)

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