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Voltage and Current Behavior in AC Circuits

The document discusses alternating current (AC) circuits with pure inductance and pure capacitance. [1] In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage due to the back emf induced by the inductor. [2] In a capacitive circuit, the voltage lags behind the current as the capacitor must charge first before a voltage is established. [3] Common applications of inductors and capacitors include energy storage, transformers, filters, relays, and power factor correction.

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Gairik Chakraborty
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71 views

Voltage and Current Behavior in AC Circuits

The document discusses alternating current (AC) circuits with pure inductance and pure capacitance. [1] In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage due to the back emf induced by the inductor. [2] In a capacitive circuit, the voltage lags behind the current as the capacitor must charge first before a voltage is established. [3] Common applications of inductors and capacitors include energy storage, transformers, filters, relays, and power factor correction.

Uploaded by

Gairik Chakraborty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Voltage and current

behavior in AC Circuits
Ac circuit with pure resistance
Phasor representation

cosØ =1 so, P=VxI


Inductor
Ac circuit with pure inductance

An alternating current i flows through the inductor which induces an


emf in it. The equation is shown below(Lenz’s law)

The emf which is induced in the circuit is equal and opposite to the
applied voltage. Hence, the equation becomes
Because of the change in magnetic field back emf is induced in
it.

The back emf resist the applied voltage .The opposition is


called inductance.

In “L” circuits a rise in voltage is accompanied by a rise in


current, but current is delayed by a back emf generated
by the inductor.

As the voltage rises & falls , the current rises and falls,
but a fraction of the second later. So the current flowing
through the inductor is always lagging behind the voltage
and V & I are out of phase.
Waveforms
Phasor representation
Application of inductor

1. Energy Storage Devices: We can store the


energy in passive elements like capacitor and
inductors. Inductors can store energy for a limited
time. As the inductors store the energy in the form
of magnetic field, it will collapse when we
remove the power supply.
2. Induction Motors
Induction motors converts the electrical energy
into mechanical energy. The shaft in the motors
will rotate because of the magnetic field
produced by the alternating current.
3.Transformers: Transformer is another popular
application of inductors. These are used to increase or
decrease the power in transmission lines to required
level, as step up and step down transformers
respectively. In the transformers, the inductor
(wire) is wounded to the core as primary and
secondary windings.
4. Inductive Filters
Inductors and capacitors are combinely used to form
filters. The filters are the electronic devices which are
used to limit the frequency of the input signal
entering to a circuit. There are many types of filters
like low pass filter, high pass filter, band pass filter,
notch filter etc which are designed by using inductors.
5. Relays
A relay is like an electrical switch. It uses
inductor coil to control the current flow in it.
When the AC current flows through the
inductor of the relay, it produces a magnetic
field which effects the switch contacts.
6. Chokes
Inductors are also used as chokes. We know that
the inductors will create an opposite current
flow, when the alternating current flows through
it.
This means the inductors will choke the AC
current and allows DC current to pass. This
property of inductors is used in power supply
circuits, where AC supply need to be converted
to DC supply.
Ac circuit with pure Capacitance
 In “C” circuits on the other hand, the current in the
circuit must first flow to the two plates of the
capacitor, where charge is stored, only after that
charge accumulates at the plates of a capacitor then
the voltage difference is established.
 0-90degree------- capacitor charged.
90-180degree------ capacitor discharged.
180-270 degree------ capacitor charged.
270-360 degree----- capacitor discharged.
so the current passes continuously but voltage is
delayed by 90 degree. So voltage is lagging & currents
is leading.
 As the current rises, the voltage between the two plates also
rises, the voltage falls the current also falls, but the voltage
follows the current leads a fraction of second later.
Application of capacitor

1. A capacitor can store electric energy when it is


connected to its charging circuit. And when it is
disconnected from its charging circuit, it can
dissipate that stored energy, so it can be used
like a temporary battery.

2. DC blocking capacitor: In this application the


capacitor blocks the passage of DC current
(after completely charged).
3.Capacitor as a filter : Capacitors are the main elements of
filters. There are several types of filters that are used in
electronic circuits, such as LPF (Low Pass Filter), HPF
(high Pass Filter), BPF (Band Pass Filter), etc....
Since the reactance of the capacitor is inversely
related to the frequency, therefore it can be used to
increase or decrease the impedance of the circuit at certain
frequencies and therefore does the filtration job.

4. To improve the power factor in factory to smooth


the line voltage. To improve power factor the power
factor of tube light, resistance welding, Induction
motor.

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