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Computer Networks

This document discusses key concepts in computer networks including IP addresses, subnet masks, classful IP addressing, CIDR, and subnetting. It defines IP addresses and subnet masks, explains the different classes of IP addresses and their default subnet masks, introduces CIDR notation for simplified subnet masking, and describes fixed-length and variable-length subnet masking techniques.

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Mahi
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
54 views

Computer Networks

This document discusses key concepts in computer networks including IP addresses, subnet masks, classful IP addressing, CIDR, and subnetting. It defines IP addresses and subnet masks, explains the different classes of IP addresses and their default subnet masks, introduces CIDR notation for simplified subnet masking, and describes fixed-length and variable-length subnet masking techniques.

Uploaded by

Mahi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Computer Networks

Wardah Saleh
Contents:
 IP Address
 Subnet Mask
 Classful IP Address
 CIDR
 Sub-netting

AIUB Wardah Saleh Computer


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IP Address
• Full form Internet Protocol Address/ Logical Address

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
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IP Address (Continued…)

• Layer-3/Network layer address


• Versions: IPV4, IPV6
• IPV4: 32 bit long, 2^32=4,294,967,296 IP addresses
• Expressed in dot decimal format
• Example: 192.168.10.1
• Binary format:
11000000.10101000.00001010.00000001
• Comprised of four octets, separated by dots
• Each octet is an 8 bit number
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IP Address (Continued…)
• Example:
 192.168.10.1 (Decimal)
 11000000.10101000.00001010.00000001 (binary)

 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0


 =128 =64 =32 =16 =8 =4 =2 =1

 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 128+64=192

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Subnet Mask
• IP address has two parts:
 Network Portion (N)
 Host Portion (H)

• Used to identify N and H portion


• IP is incomplete without SM

• Rules:
 All network bit set to “1”
 All host bit set to “0”
•AIUB Network bits in SM must always contiguous
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Subnet Mask (Continued…)

• Example:
 IP address: 172.16.0.0
 Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 (decimal)
 Subnet Mask: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 (binary)

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Classful IP Address
• IPV4 address space is structured into five classes:

Class 1st Octet 1st Octet 2nd Octet 3rd Octet 4th Octet Default SM

A 0 - 127 N H H H 255.0.0.0

B 128 – 191 N N H H 255.255.0.0

C 192 – 223 N N N H 255.255.255.0

D 224 – 239 Multicast N/A

E 240 - 255 N/A


Experimental

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Classful IP Address (Continued…)

Number of Networks: Number of Hosts:


Class 1st Octet 1st octet in Binary 2^N 2^H - 2

A 0 – 127 00000000 – 01111111 2^7 = 128 2^24-2=16,777,214

B 128 – 191 10000000 – 10111111 2^14 = 16,384 2^16 – 2 = 65,534

C 192 – 223 11000000 – 11011111 2^21 = 2,097,152 2^8 – 2 = 254

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CIDR
• Full form Classless Inter-Domain Routing
• Simplified method of representing SM
• Invented to keep the Internet running out of IP addresses
• Represented by a slash (/) sign
• Classful addresses in CIDR:
 Class A - /8
 Class B - /16
 Class C - /24

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CIDR (Continued…)
• Difference between classful and classless IP:
 172.16.0.0/16 – class B and classful
 SM: 255.255.0.0 (decimal)
 SM: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 (binary)

 172.16.0.0/24 – class B and classless


 SM: 255.255.255.0 (decimal)
 SM: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (binary)
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CIDR (Continued…)
• Classful address scheme of allocating IP address can be very
wasteful…
• For example:
 With classful addressing scheme, minimum number of IP address is
256 (for class C)
 Giving 256 IP addresses to an organization needing only 15
addresses is so wasteful

• CIDR solves this problem


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Sub-netting
• Process of dividing a big network into smaller multiple networks
• Main reason for sub-netting is solving the shortage of IP addresses
over the Internet

• Sub-netting is two types:


 FLSM (Fixed Length Subnet Mask)
 VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)

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FLSM

• Used to classful addressing. For example a classful address of


class A (/8)
• Breaks a network segment into smaller EQUAL-SIZED subnets
• All of the subnets will have the same SM
• Still results inefficient use of IP address

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VLSM

• Breaks up a network into smaller UNEQUAL-SIZED subnets


• Supports different number of hosts in each subnet
• SM of all subnets varies
• Provides more efficient use of address space

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