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I) Skin Largest Organ of The Body in Surface Area and Weight. There Are Three Layers of The Skin 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Subcutaneous Tissue

The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis contains five layers with different cell types and is made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands. It provides elasticity and sensation to the skin. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous tissue, is made of fat and protects underlying muscles and bones. Skin appendages include hair, nails, and several types of glands.

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98 views

I) Skin Largest Organ of The Body in Surface Area and Weight. There Are Three Layers of The Skin 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Subcutaneous Tissue

The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis contains five layers with different cell types and is made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands. It provides elasticity and sensation to the skin. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous tissue, is made of fat and protects underlying muscles and bones. Skin appendages include hair, nails, and several types of glands.

Uploaded by

Saralita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I) Skin

Largest organ of the body in surface area and


weight.
There are three layers of the skin
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous tissue
Epidermis: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
with four distinct cell types and five distinct layers
Epidermis
Cells
1. Keratinocytes Layers:
2. Langerhans cells 1. Stratum Corneum
3. Melanocytes 2. Stratum Lucidum
4. Merkel cells 3.Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Mucosum
5. Stratum Germinativum
Keratinocytes
• Major building blocks of epidermis.
• Produce keratin( Horny layer of skin)
• Function as protective;
Langerhans Cells
- Star-shaped cells that migrate to epidermis
rising from bone marrow.
They represent one arm of body’s immune
system- epidermal dendritic cells
(macrophages)
Melanocytes
These are large cells that are interspread
among keratinocytes and produce
brownish/black pigment called melanin. (8%
of epidermal cells)
Merkel cells
• They represent specialized nerve endings
within the epidermis
The Epidermis

The epidermis is the outer or top layer and


is made up of five sub layers. From the top
layer they are called
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Germinativum
Stratum Corneum
Stratum corneum (horny layer)
- Outermost layer of epidermis has many rows of
dead cells filled with keratin
- continuously shed and replaced (desquamation)
-Prevents water loss from skin
- Effective barrier against light, heat and bacteria
- 20-30 cell layers thick
Lucidum layer

The Lucidum layer is only found on the


palms of your hands and soles of your feet.
This is the layer that thickens to fight
mechanical attack.
Granulosum layer
 The Granulosum layer is where the cells are
found with small granules in them, thought to
make the skin tough.
Stratum Spinosum
• It contains spinous cells which have spine like
appearance. They contain Keratin filaments
Germinativum layer
 The Germinativum layer is the bottom layer
and here the cells are constantly reproducing.
The melanocyte cells are also located in this
layer.
 As new cells are formed and mitosis takes
place, the old cells are pushed towards the
surface of the skin.
The Dermis Layer

 This layer is under the epidermis layer and is


sometimes called the true skin.
 This layer contains the blood vessels.
 These divide into a network of smaller vessels
called capillaries.
 The blood supplies essential materials for growth,
nourishment and repair of the skin.
The Dermis Layer

 Nerves found in the dermis layer are


sensitive to pressure, pain, heat touch and
cold.
 The nerves of the skin act as warning
systems to the body and alert us to
temperature changes, degrees of pressure,
whether something is hard or soft.
The Dermis Layer

 The body will react to pain, pressure or


degrees of temperature.
 It is through these nerve endings that the
dermis layer is able to protect the body
parts underneath.
The dermis has two sub layers:
 Papillary Layer
 Reticular Layer.
Papillary Layer
 This is where blood vessels called capillaries
and nerve endings are found.
 Melanocytes which produce pigment can be
found where the papillary layer joins the
epidermis
Reticular Layer
 This layer helps give skin its elasticity. In this
layer there are Blood and Lymph vessels,
nerve & sweat glands.
 Collagen is found in this layer and is the most
abundant protein in the dermis.
Subcutaneous Tissue

 This is a layer of fatty tissue between the


dermis & muscles & bones.
 It protects you from injury & helps to keep
you warm.
Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum
Stratum
granulosum
spinosum

Stratum
basale
Skin Appendages
• Hair
• Nails
• Glands
• Hairs are keratinized
tubes emerging out of
Skin

• Hair (pili)
- main function is
protection
- hair root nerve plexus
for touch
Hair anatomy:
- composed of dead columns of keratinized cells.
- shaft: is the superficial portion of hair
- root: below the surface in the dermis
Shaft and root are composed of three layers: inner
medulla, middle cortex and outer cuticle.
Inner medulla has 2-3 rows of polyhedral cells where
pigment is located
Cortex is major portion of shaft
Cuticle is scaly and heavily keratinized (shingles)
Vellus hair: fine hair
Terminal hair : coarser hair; axillary and pubic region.
Grow in response to sex hormones
Hirsutism: excessive hairiness: incr. androgens
Hair follicle
surrounds the root.
Bulb is the
enlargement at the
end of the follicle.
- Also houses
the germinal layer
Papilla (nipple like) is
located in the bulb
and is where the
blood supply
nourishes the hair.
Arrector pili (pl. pilorum) is smooth muscle located in
the dermis and is attached to the side of the hair
shaft.
- fright, cold and emotions will contract muscle and
pull hair in vertical position. “Goose bumps”.
Glands:
Two types of glands exist in the integument.
- Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
- Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)

Sebaceous glands: (holocrine glands)


- connected to hair follicle
- not found on palms and soles of feet
- secretes sebum (fats, cholesterol and
proteins
- keep hair from drying out, keeps skin moist
- whiteheads, blackheads and acne
Whitehead: When the trapped sebum and bacteria
stay below the skin surface, a whitehead is formed.
Blackhead: A blackhead occurs when the trapped
sebum and bacteria partially open to the surface and
turn black due to melanin, the skin's pigment.
Blackheads can last for a long time because the
contents very slowly drain to the surface.
Sudoriferous glands: exocrine glands
- millions located throughout the skin
- two types:
- eccrine: more common (merocrine)
- originate in subQ layer
- duct empties on skin surface
- palms and soles of feet
- sweat is watery (99% H20)
- sweating regulated by
sympathetic nervous system
- apocrine: axillary and pubic region
- duct empties onto hair follicle
- viscous fluid
- causes body odor (“b-o “) when
bacteria break it down
Ceruminous glands: located in ear only
- modified apocrine glands
- originate in Sub Q layer
- ducts open onto EAM.
- produces cerumen (ear wax) : brown
sticky substance that prevents foreign
material from entering.

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