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Heat Mass Transfer (Part 2)

Case 1: Diffusion of A through nondiffusing B Example 1: Diffusion of Ethanol (A) through Water (B) An ethanol (A)-water (B) solution in the form of a stagnant film 2.0 mm thick at 293 K is in constant at one surface with an organic solvent in which ethanol is soluble and water is insoluble. Hence, NB = 0. At point 1 the concentration of ethanol is 16.8 wt % and the solution density is ρ1 = 972.8 kg/m3. At point 2 the concentration of ethanol is 6.8 wt % and ρ2 = 988.1 kg/
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
481 views

Heat Mass Transfer (Part 2)

Case 1: Diffusion of A through nondiffusing B Example 1: Diffusion of Ethanol (A) through Water (B) An ethanol (A)-water (B) solution in the form of a stagnant film 2.0 mm thick at 293 K is in constant at one surface with an organic solvent in which ethanol is soluble and water is insoluble. Hence, NB = 0. At point 1 the concentration of ethanol is 16.8 wt % and the solution density is ρ1 = 972.8 kg/m3. At point 2 the concentration of ethanol is 6.8 wt % and ρ2 = 988.1 kg/
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PTT205

HEAT & MASS TRANSFER


SEM II (2016/2017)

PRINCIPLES OF MASS TRANSFER


(PART 2)
MOLECULAR DIFFUSION IN
LIQUIDS

Lecture Content:

 Introduction
 Case 1: Equimolar counter diffusion

 Case 2: Diffusion of A through non-diffusing B

 Diffusion coefficients for liquids

 Prediction of diffusivities in liquids


Introduction

 Typical phenomena of molecular diffusion in liquids:


-liquid-liquid extraction
-solvent extraction
-diffusion of salt in blood

 Molecular diffusion in liquid is smaller than molecular diffusion in


gases because molecules in liquid are closed together compared to
molecules in gas.

 Thus, molecules of diffusing solute will collide more frequently with


liquid molecules.

 Diffusivity in liquid depens on the concentration of diffusing solute


Case 1: Equimolar counter diffusion
Case 2: Diffusion of A through nondiffusing B

* For dilute solution;


XBM is close to 1 and
c is constant, thus;
Case 1: Diffusion of A through nondiffusing B

Example 1: Diffusion of Ethanol (A) through Water (B)

An ethanol (A)-water (B) solution in the form of a stagnant film


2.0 mm thick at 293 K is in constant at one surface with an
organic solvent in which ethanol is soluble and water is insoluble.
Hence, NB = 0. At point 1 the concentration of ethanol is 16.8 wt
% and the solution density is ρ1 = 972.8 kg/m3. At point 2 the
concentration of ethanol is 6.8 wt % and ρ2 = 988.1 kg/m3. The
diffusivity of ethanol is 0.740 x 10-9 m2/s.

Calculate the steady-state flux, NA.


Solution:
Diffusivity, DAB = 0.740 x 10-9 m2/s.
Molecular weights of A and B , MA= 46.05 and MB=18.02.
Mass fraction A at point (2)= 6.8 wt %

Thus, the mole fraction of ethanol (A) is as follows (Assume 100 kg


solution:

Then XB2 = 1-0.0277 = 0.9723. Calculating XA1 = 0.0732 and


XB1 = 1-0.0732 = 0.9268. To calculate the molecular weight M2 at
point 2,
Solution:

Similarly, M1 = 20.07.

To calculate XBM we can use the linear mean since XB1 and XB2 are
close to each other:

Substituting into equation and solving,


Diffusion coefficients for liquids
Prediction of diffusivities in liquids
(Stokes-Einstein Equation)
Prediction of diffusivities in liquids
(Wilke-Chang Equation)

For smaller molecules (A) diffusing in a dilute liquid solution of


solvent (B):
1.173 x 10-16 (Φ MB)1/2 T
DAB =
µB VA0.6 applicable for
DAB - diffusivity in m2/s biological
MB - molecular weight of solvent B solutes
T - temperature in K
μ - viscosity of solvent B in kg/m s
VA - solute molar volume at its normal boiling point in m3/kmol
Φ - association parameter of the solvent, which 2.6 for water,
1.9 for methanol, 1.5 for ethanol, and so on

DAB is proportional to 1/µB and T


MOLECULAR DIFFUSION IN
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS

Content:

 Diffusion of biological solutes in liquids


 Diffusion Coefficient for Biological Solutes in Aqueous
Solution
 Prediction of Diffusivity for Biological Solutes

 Diffusion of solutes in biological gels


Diffusion of biological solutes in liquids

Example of applications:

Food Processing
 Diffusion of volatile constituents in food materials through the
liquid during evaporation.

Fermentation Process
 Diffusion of nutrients,sugar,oxygen to the microorganisms.

 Diffusion of waste product and enzyme from microorganisms.

Medical Application
 Dialysis machine - Diffusion of various waste products from
blood to a membrane and through membrane to an aqueous
solution.
Diffusion Coefficient for Biological Solutes in Aqueous Solution
Prediction of Diffusivity for Biological Solutes

Wilke-Chang Equation
 Small solutes in aqueous solution with molecular weight less than 1000
or solute molar less than about 0.500 m 3/kmol
 Refer to liquid diffusion part
T
D AB  1.173  10 16
(M B ) 12
0 .6
 BV A

Stokes-Einstein Equation
 For larger solutes 9.96 x 10 -16 T
 Refer to liquid diffusion part D AB  13
V A

Modified Polson Equation


9.40 x 10 -15 T
 For a molecular weight above 1000 D AB 
 MA= MW for large molecule A  ( M A )1 3
 Suitable for sphere-shaped molecules
Prediction of Diffusivity for Biological Solutes

Example 2 : Prediction of diffusivity of albumin

Predict the diffusivity of bovine serum albumin at 298 K


in water as a dilute solution using the modified Polson
equation and compare with the experimental value in
Table 6.4-1.
Solution:

The molecular weight of bovine serum albumin (A)


From Table 6.4-1 is MA= 67500 kg/kg mol. The
viscosity of water at 25 °C is 0.8937 x 10-3 Pa.s at
T= 298 K. Substituting into Polson Equation

This value is 11% higher than the experimental value


of 6.81 x 10-11 m2/s
Diffusion in Biological Gels

 Gels: semisolid materials which are ‘porous’.

 Examples: agarose, agar, gelatin.

 Composition: macromolecules in dilute solution with the gel


comprising a few wt% of the water sol.

 “Pores”: usually are filled with water.

 Rate of diffusion of small solutes in the gels are less than in


aqueous solution.

 Why?: Gel structure is to increase the path length of diffusion.


Diffusivities of solutes in dilute biological gels in aqueous sol.
Diffusivity of solutes in biological gel

Example 3 : Diffusion of urea in agar

A tube or bridge of a gel solution of 1.05 wt% agar in water


at 278 K is 0.04 m long and connects two agitated solutions
of urea in water. The urea concentration in the first solution
is 0.2 g mol urea per liter solution and is 0 in the other.

Calculate the flux of urea in kg mol/s.m2 at steady state.


Solution:

From Table 6.4-2, the DAB of urea at 278 K is 0.727 X 10 -9 m2/s.


For urea diffusing through stagnant water in the gel; use the bottom
Equation;

Since the value of xA1 is less than about 0.01, the solution is quite
dilute and xBM = 1. Hence, we can use the equation;

Given that CA1 = 0.2/1000 = 0.0002 g mol /cm3 = 0.2 kg mol/m3 and
CA2 = 0, substituting into the above equation;
THANK YOU

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