HVDC Transmission

EE 4029
Dr. Deepak Kumar Gupta
Assistant Professor
KIIT Deemed to be University
 Lesson Plan
Lesson Plan:
Learning Topics to be covered

CourseLec
tureNo. Class No
M-1 HVDC Transmission
1 Introduction 1
2-3 Comparison of AC and HVDC 2-3
4-5 HVDC transmission analysis of HVDC converters 4-5
6-7 Pulse number, analysis with and without overlap 6-7
8 Converter bridge characteristics 8
Activity1
M-2 HVDC System Control
9-10 Principles of dc link control 9-10
11 Starting and stopping of dc link 11
12-13 Power Control 12-13
14 Harmonics 14
15 Filters 15
16-17 Power flow analysis in ac/dc systems 16-17
18 General modeling of dc links 18

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 Lesson Plan
19-20 Solution of ac-dc power flow 19-20
Activity2
Doubt clearing class
Pre Mid semester ClassesMid semester examinationPost Mid semester Classes
M-3 Reactive Power Control in HVDC:
21 Reactive power requirements in steady state 21
22-23 Conventional control strategies 22-23
24 Alternate control strategies 24
25 Sources of reactive power 25
26 AC filters 26
27 Shunt capacitors 27
28 Synchronous condensers 28
Activity3
Doubt clearing class
M-4 Converter Fault & Protection:
29 Converter faults 29
30 Protection against over current and over voltage in converter station 30
31 Surge arrestors 31
32 Smoothing reactors 32
33 DC breakers 33
34 Audible noise-space charge field 34
35 Corona effects on DC lines 35
36 Radio interference 36
Activity4
Doubt Clearing class
FEED BACK
Classroom teaching=36 classes Doubt Clearing Sessions =(6 Classes )
Total Classes=42 Classes

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 END SEMESTER EXAMINATION
Lesson Plan
Evaluation Scheme (OFF LINE):

Sl no Evaluation Duration Weightage of Course Lecture

Component Evaluation No.
Component
1 Mid semester 1.5 hrs. 20 mark 1 to 20
Examination
2 Project Based 30 mark 1 to 36
Learning
3 End semester 3 hrs. 50 mark 1 to 36
Examination

1. Text Book:

T1. K. R.Padiyar: HVDC Power Transmission System, New Age Intl.Co. 2002...
T2. EHVAC and HVDC Transmission Engineering and Practice-S.Rao.

2. Reference Books:

R1. Mohamed E.El-Nawary (IEEE Press): Electrical Power Systems (Design &
Analysis).
R2. Electric Power System by C. L. Wadhwa
R3. Kamakshaiah, V Kamaraju: HVDC Transmission, TMH Education Private
Limited.
R4. Power System Stability and Control by Prabha Kundur,TATA McGRAW-
HILL,2010

11/26/2020
 Examinations (Theory)

Sl No Platform Duration Marks

1 Mid semester 1.30 hrs. 20

Examination
2 Activity Based Learning As per Schedule 30

3 End semester 3 hrs. 50

Examination
Total Marks 100

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 Principles of DC Transmission

AC transmission Vs. DC transmission

Types of DC links
Converter station
Applications of DC transmission
Recent trends in DC transmission
 AC Transmission Vs. DC Transmission
The comparison is done based on the following
parameters:
• Economics of transmission
• Technical Performance
• Reliability
 Economics of Transmission

• Investment cost:
 Transmitted power remaining same, cost of
transmission tower, insulators, conductors,
R.O.W. is less for DC transmission.
 DC lines do not require compensation but
terminal equipment costs are increased due to
the presence of converters and filters.
 DC Transmission reduces cost of construction
of towers for same power transfer as in case of
AC transmission.
 Economics of Transmission
cont…
• Operational costs
 Corona and dielectric loss is less for DC
transmission
 Absence of skin effect reduces losses in DC
transmission
 Power loss in case of DC transmission is 67 %
as compared to that of AC transmission
(power transmitted remaining same)
 Technical Performance
• Advantages of DC transmission
 Full control over power transmitted
 Ability to enhance transient and dynamic
stability in associated AC networks
 Fast control to limit fault currents
 Line compensation not required
 Power transmission capability not affected by
distance
 Technical Performance
cont….
 Ground return can be used
 Two AC systems having different frequencies
can be interconnected using a asynchronous
DC tie
 Stability Limits
 Voltage Control
 Line Compensation
 Reliability
 Types of DC Links
• Monopolar link: Has one conductor usually of
negative polarity and uses ground return

• Bipolar link: Has two conductors(one positive

and the other negative) and doesn’t use
ground return

• Homopolar: Has two or more conductors of

same polarity (usually negative) and uses
ground return
Monopolar DC link

Homopolar DC link

Bipolar DC link
 Converter station
Major Components of a HVDC Transmission system are converter
stations where conversion from AC to DC (rectifier station) and DC
to AC(Inverter station) are performed. The Various components are:
Converter Unit
Consists of a 12 pulse converter(eliminates 5th & 7th order
dominating harmonics).
Arrangement for control, protection and cooling of thyristor valves.
Converter Transformer
Designed to withstand DC voltage stresses and increased eddy
current losses due to harmonic current.
DC magnetization of the core due to unsymmetrical firing of valves.
Converter stations cont….

Converter transformer
 Converter station cont….

Filters
 AC Filters are designed to reduce AC harmonic currents
& act as reactive power source at fundamental frequency.
 DC Filters are required to filter out DC harmonics
 High Frequency filters Suppress high frequency currents
to reduce telephonic interference.
 Converter station cont….
Smoothing Reactor
 Used on DC side to reduce ripples and
smoothen the DC current.
 Reactor of finite value is preferred over
infinite value from economic consideration.
 Converter station cont….

Reactive Power Source

Synchronous condensers, Static Var Systems, switched
capacitors are used to meet the reactive power demand
of Converter stations

DC Switchgear
 For Protection and Measurement purpose.
 Uses DC breakers or metallic return transfer
breakers(MRTB) to interrupt fault current and also
employed as disconnecting switches.
 Applications of DC Transmission
• Long distance bulk power transmission
• Power transmission by underwater and
underground cables (useful for providing
electricity to islands)
• Asynchronous interconnection of AC systems
operating at different frequencies
• Control and stabilization of power flows in AC
ties
 Recent trends in DC transmission
• Power semiconductor and valves
• Modular construction of thyristor valves
• Twelve pulse operation of converters
• Development of LTTs and MCTs
• DC breakers
• Enables the development of MTDC system
Recent trends in DC transmission
cont….

• Converter control
 Microcontroller based control
 Application of digital electronics and
fiber optics in control of converters
 Development of mini simulator to check
vital control and protection functions
• Conversion of existing AC lines
• Operation with AC systems
Three phase bridge rectifier or Graetz circuit
 Converter and HVDC system control

Principles of DC link control

Alternate control methods
Firing angle control
Drawbacks of IPC and EPC
Higher level DC controllers
 Principles of DC link control
• Current control at rectifier station has the
following advantages
 Power factor improves at higher loadings
 Reactive power consumption at the inverter
end is minimized
 Voltage regulation is better
 Fault currents are automatically limited
 Principles of DC link control
cont….
• In case of abnormal conditions the current
control is shifted to the inverter end
• Both CC and CEA controllers are provided at
both terminals
• Control variables are αr,γi, tr ,ti
• Manual control is not feasible
• Feedback control of power is not desirable in a
DC link
 Alternate control methods
• Why they are necessary
 Negative resistance characteristics of CEA
control in case of weak AC systems
 To prevent Hunting effect between different
modes of operation when the slope of inverter
characteristic is too negative
 Alternate control methods
cont….
• Alternate control methods
 Constant DC voltage control (CDCV)
 Constant AC voltage control (CACV)
 Voltage dependent current order limit (VDCOL)

VDCOL characteristics
 Firing angle control
• Individual Phase Control (IPC)
 Constant control
 Inverse Cosine Control
• Equidistant Pulse Control (EPC)
 Pulse frequency control
 Pulse Phase Control
 Pulse period control
 Drawbacks of IPC and EPC
Individual Phase Control (IPC)
 Harmonic instability: Generates non characteristic harmonics.
Can be overcome by
 Network impedance should not be very close to filter
impedance
 Filters to filter out non characteristic harmonics
 Use of firing angle control independent of zero crossing of AC
voltages
Equidistant Pulse Control (EPC)
 Reduced DC voltage under unbalanced conditions
 Contributes higher negative damping to torsional oscillations
 Higher level DC controllers
• Frequency and power/frequency control
• Stabilization of AC ties
• Emergency control
• Reactive power control
• Sub synchronous damping control
 Harmonics and Filters

Harmonics: A Brief Overview

Problems associated with harmonics
Classification of harmonics
Criteria of Design of AC filters
Types of AC filter
Protection of filters
 Harmonics: A Brief Overview
• Leaving fundamental component all are
harmonics
• Even harmonics are absent due to symmetry
• Triplen harmonics are absent due to delta
connections
• All remaining odd harmonics are known as
characteristic harmonics
 Problems associated with harmonics
• Telephonic interference
• Power losses and heating in machines and
capacitors
• Over voltages due to resonances
• Instability of converter controls (IPC scheme)
• Interference with ripple control systems used
in load management
 Classification of harmonics
• Characteristic Harmonics: Harmonics of those
order which are always present even under
ideal operation
 AC: h=n*p ± 1
 DC: h=n*p
• Non Characteristic Harmonics: Harmonics of
order other than characteristic harmonics
 Criteria of Design of AC filters
• Both economy and performance are
considered.
• The filter should satisfy the criteria of the
following performance indices:
 Harmonic distortion
 Telephone Influence Factor (TIF)
 Telephone Harmonic Form Factor (THFF)
 IT Product
 Types of AC filter
• Single tuned Filter: filters out characteristics
harmonics of single frequency.
• Double tuned Filter: Filters out two discrete
frequencies.
• High pass Filter: Filters out higher order
harmonics. These are of two types:
 Second order Filter
 C Type Filter
 Types of AC filter

Different Types of AC Filters

 Protection of filters
• Protection from switching over voltages
• Protection from mechanical Stress.
• Protection during disconnection of filters.

DC filter with suspended capacitance