LESSON 5

ARTISTS and ARTISANS

FRANCISCO TRANCE, JR. LPT, MAEd
The most resilient qualities of
man is his CREATIVITY
and IMAGINATION.

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“
When the ARTIST is alive in
any person, whatever his kind
of work may be, he becomes an
inventive, searching, daring,
and self-expressing creature.”

Robert Henri’s The Art Spirit (1923)

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“
The real controlling resource
and the absolutely decisive
factor of production is neither
capital not land nor labor. It is
KNOWLEDGE.”

Peter Drucker's Post-Capitalist Society (1993)

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 CREATIVITY
Is one type of knowledge that fuels the 21st
century.

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Integral drivers
ARTIST WHO ARE
and movers
THEY?

Professionals in
Creative Sector

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An ARTIST is a person engaged in an activity
related to creating art, practicing the arts, or
demonstrating an art.

“First artists invented a way to get the three-dimensional

world into two dimensions and attach value to their own
ideas”

Jerry Saltz art Critic (2016)

STONE AGE
Drawings and painted images of animals, hunting
scenes, and a variety of symboliv figures were created.
Lascaux cave painting, Lascaux Cave, Dordogne, France
Cueva de La Covaciella, Cabrales, Asturias, Spain
Bradshaw rock painting, Kimberley, Western Australia
BRONZE AGE down to
MIDDLE AGE
✘ Man continued to utilize his surrounding to create varying
expressions of his ideas and feelings.
✘ Trough the exploration of his immediate environs, trade, and
other experimentations ne modes, media, and techniques.
✘ Brought to light a wide array of artworks that instantiate the
wealth that can be done when the artist’s vision tapped,
harnessed and realized.

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Egyptian Tomb paintings. The Queen playing chess,
(Tomb Nefertari, Thebes, c1255BC)
Icon The Virgin Orans, (1037-61 mosaic, Johannes Vermeer, The Pearl Earring, (1666-67,
Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kiev) The Hague, oil on canvas)
✘The impulse to create is at the core of human civilization, much like the
impulse too communicate through language.
✘Artist were embedded in the development of culture, and in turn, art was
nurtured by the varying cultures in which it existed.
✘ The works produced varied from the prosaic to those that explored a wide
range of aesthetic possibilities.

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The interaction with these objects was intimate in the sense
that their presence was experiences in a multitude of
ways and in all of the affairs of man:

✘ Ornamentation in tools and other surfaces

✘ Weaving pattern in textiles
✘ Visual features and the design/plan for architectural
structures
✘ Ritual and burial implements

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The Stonehenge (Wiltshire, England) of the Neolithic Era or New Stone Age
The TAJ MAHAL “Crown of the Palaces”, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
Artists worked and most of the time, the products were
considered not as artworks at all but rather as craft or
placed under some other category.

The use of the word “embedded” may be taken to mean

that what was created automatically circulated in the
operations of society and was not integral to an art
object that the identity of its maker be known.

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The ARTISAN
and GUILDS

An ARTISAN  is a skilled craft worker who makes or

creates material objects partly or entirely by hand. 

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✘Craftsmen and builders in the past did not have
sophisticated terminologies and principles that
architects and engineers abide by today.
✘What they had was a sense on how materials
behaved, how the environment, light, and
weather patterns affected structures, and other
more intuitive principles of creation.

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The Cologne Cathedral between ca. 1890 and ca. 1900, Koln, Germany 22
Detail of the stained glass windows of Cologne Cathedral, Koln, Germany 23
 GOTHIC CATHEDRALS along with other structures inspired by its
architectural tenets have survived trough time, not only by their sheer
durability, but more so through the articulation of the processes that they
followed.

Why some examples of artistic and creative production have

survived this day?
✘The materials, medium, and the principles behind the process of their
creation.
✘The emergence of technology and knowledge in managing and conserving
all of these objects and structures, enabling the retention of the integrity of
the artwork and the intention of the artist in terms of the design and overall
aesthetic.

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GUILDS
The practice of artists was not grounded on the idea of individual capacities
or success rather in the commitment to work together as collective.

GUILDS WERE A TYPE OF:

✘Social fellowship
✘Association structured with rules
✘Customs
✘Rights
✘Responsibilities,

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GUILDS
GUILDS were prevalent during the Middle Ages, where towns had
formalized groups of artisans or craftsmen who took on a particular
specialization or trade:
✘Shoemakers
✘Textile
✘Glass workers
✘Carpenters
✘Carvers
✘Masons
✘Armorers
✘Weapon-makers

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MASTER ARTISAN or
CRAFTSMAN would then be
open to hiring apprentices who
would be under his instruction.
This brought to light various
ways of thinking about
transferring knowledge and
skills by visualizing and
articulating the principles,
processes, and tricks of the trade
both in words and in print
through manuals of biblical
proportions.
The guild niche under the Four Crowned Saints (ca. 1416)
This was commissioned by the Arte del Maestri di Pietra e
Legname (guild of wood and stone cutters), in Orsanmichele,
Florence 27
ARTISANS in the
PHILIPPINES
ARTISANS became prevalent in the country. This was both the
case for religious and secular art, where in the existence of
artisans proved to be immense of use. Through mimesis or
copying that artisans first learned to depict religious images
and scenes.

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The Church of the Most Holy Trinity in Loay, Bohol, Santisima Trinidad Parish 29
Detailed of the Ceiling of the Church of the Most Holy Trinity (Loay Bohol) 30
The ARTIST and His STUDIO
Before the renaissance Period, artworks were left unsigned. Artists
claiming authorship for their works by affixing their mark onto the
surfaces of their paintings were a big milestone in the history of the
artist. The sire that saw this shift was a very personal space for the artist
himself, which is the STUDIO.

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 James Abbott McNeill Whistler,
“Artist’s Studio” (from Sketchbook),
1854-55. Black ink off –white
Wove paper. Gift of
Margaret C. Buell, Helen L. King
and Sybil A. Walk (1970),
Metropolitan Museum of Art

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 Today, artist studios have been a place of interest for the
public. Especially an artist’s studio is an extension of the
artist himself. Artist flexed their relationship with their
patron as a site where negotiations and works are made.

There were those work stations were segmented into two,

the STUDIOLO and BOTTEGA.

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STUDIOLO
Is a small room, often
lavishly decorated,
dedicated to reading,
studying and writing.

Studiolo of Francesco I
Commissioned by 
Francesco I de' Medici, Grand D
uke of Tuscany
.  Palazzo Vecchio, Florence

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BOTTEGA
the studio or workshop of a major
artist in which other artists may
participate in the execution of the
projects or commissions of the
major artist.

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End of Topic

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Other Players
in the
World of Art
 Howard S. Becker’s
Art Worlds (1982)
“All artistic work, like all human activity, involves
the joint activity of a number, often a large
number, of people. Through their cooperation,
the artwork we eventually see or hear comes to
be and continues to be, The work always show
signs of that cooperation. The forms of
cooperation may be ephemeral, but often
become more or less routine; producing patterns
of collective activity we can call an art world.
The existence of art worlds, as well as the way
their existence affects both the production and
consumption of artworks, suggests a
sociological approach to the art.”
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Howard S. Becker
“there are numerous people
who either work in consent or
dissention, and in doing so,
continuously (re)define,
(in)validate, maintain(abolish),
reproduce, and circulate the
‘cultural category of art, and to
produce the consent of the
entire society in the legitimacy 39
of the art world’s authority to
do so.”
 Prominent Roles in the Art World
The terrain where art is distributed is a global
network comprised of individuals, groups, and
institutions such as schools, museums, galleries, art
spaces, auction houses, and other commercial
market platforms, and professions. This implies that
the art world does not only rely on ideas, sentiments,
and aesthetic values, but also on skills that are
professionalized, stratified, and more importantly,
monetized.
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 Prominent Roles in the Art World
Art Fair Director Art Handler
responsible for implementing sometimes called an art preparator, is a
and enhancing the trained individual who works directly with
objects in museums, art galleries and various
organization's strategic goals, other venues including private collectors,
leading fund raising initiatives, corporate art collections, public art
developing and supervising collections and various other institutions.
administration of program Often they are responsible for packing and
activities and day-to-day unpacking art, installing and de-installing art
in exhibitions, and moving art around the
administrative functions, and museum and storage spaces. They are an
ensuring that staff are in place integral part
to meet operational needs. of a museum and collections care.
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*Some functions of the players in the art world overlaps one another.
 Prominent Roles in the Art World

ARTIST COLLECTOR
is a person who a person who collects art
produces art. of a specified type,
professionally or as a
hobby.

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*Some functions of the players in the art world overlaps one another.
 Prominent Roles in the Art World

CRITIC CURATOR
people who criticize or judge is responsible for assembling,
art cataloguing, managing and
presenting/displaying artistic
and cultural collections in
isolation and/or part of a wider
narrative.
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*Some functions of the players in the art world overlaps one another.
 Prominent Roles in the Art World
GALLERY
Gallery assistants aid staff members
ASSISTANT
with administrative and creative
tasks. Their duties range from GALLERY DIRECTOR
managing correspondence to Gallery directors are
monitoring visitors. They are typically responsible for establishing
responsible for special events, the the artistic policy of a gallery,
safety of the gallery's collection and planning for sales, exhibitions,
the gallery's computer systems. event, marketing, community
They also manage communication relations, sales, gallery
with visitors and other outside management
parties. Assistants may help setup
and breakdown exhibits and 44

coordinate on- and off-site events.

*Some functions of the players in the art world overlaps one another.
 Prominent Roles in the Art World

GALLERY STORAGE MANAGER

OWNER
responsible for choosing and responsible for ensuring the
proper care and preservation
presenting an arrangement of
art for sale. of artifacts and as well as
keeping records of it (may be
in computer data format or in
paper)

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*Some functions of the players in the art world overlaps one another.
 Prominent Roles in the Art World

STUDIO STUDIO
ASSISTANT
responsible for scheduling, MANAGER
they manage staff, schedules,
answering phones, budgeting and advertising, to
bookkeeping, running errands, ensure that they meet the
stretching canvases, expectations of their clients or
fabricating artworks, assisting audience.
with production and post-
production of artworks,
manage websites and social 46
media
*Some functions of the players in the art world overlaps one another.
 Prominent Roles in the Art World

MUSEUM BOARD MUSEUM

haveMEMBER
a number of responsibilities including but not
limited to: ensure the continuity of the museum’s DIRECTOR
also called curators, supervise
all aspects of a museum's
mission, mandate, and purposes; act as an advocate collection, including loans,
in the community for public involvement in the authentication, and
museum; review and approve policies consistent with educational programs. They
the museum’s mission and mandate, and to monitor are also responsible for
staff implementation of these policies; plan for the overseeing administrative
future of the museum, including review and approval tasks and fundraising for a
of a strategic plan that identifies the museum’s goals museum
and ways to attain them, and monitoring
implementation of the plan; and ensure that the 47

museum has adequate staff to fulfill the mission.

*Some functions of the players in the art world overlaps one another.
 Prominent Roles in the Art World

MUSEUM MUSEUM PRESS

EDUCATOR
forge links between visitors OFFICER
sometimes called media
and museums and encourage officers, represent their
learning through formal or organization to the media.
informal education, marketing Press officers respond to
and publicity. enquiries from journalists,
write press releases, try to
interest journalists in their
organization’s stories and
campaigns, arrange for
spokespeople to speak to the 48
press, and monitor media
coverage.
*Some functions of the players in the art world overlaps one another.
 Prominent Roles in the Art World
ADDITIONAL PLAYERS

BUYERS ART DEALERS

are those who initially asses are those whose direct hand is
and survey the artwork that in the distribution and
collectors are interested in. It circulation of the artworks
is their role to oversee the sale through a variety of means,
of the artwork, on behalf of the such as direct sales, through
collector who may either be galleries, and the more recent
too busy or who would rather player, auction houses.
keep his identity hidden.   49

*Some functions of the players in the art world overlaps one another.
Prominent Roles in the Art World with their
Mandatory Relationships

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Painting with and without lighting

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Room with and without lighting

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 PLACES TO GO TO VIEW ART
2 Different Types
ART MUSEUMS ART GALLERIES
a place to go to view art and; a place to go to view and
mostly funded by purchase art; and are usually
governments, foundations and small businesses that exhibit
corporate and private donors art for the purposes of
and are operated on a non- promoting and selling art.
profit basis.

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Production Process
The process is essentially tripartite

Preproduction
Production
Postproduction
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Preproduction
The artist always begin with an idea
that he wants to express or
communicate with his audience. It
may not be fully formulated, and so
some form of exposure, research,
and other approaches may be
explored to get the idea long before
actually making the artwork. The
idea may take a while to form, or
may come as swift as a lightning
bolt. 55
 Production
The execution of art may take a variety of
forms such as painting, sculpture, tapestry,
photograph, film, a routine (dance), or a
track or composition (music). Some
artworks rely on a precise and skilled
execution, while others need only intuition
and a kind of judiciousness in the
manipulation of material. This is also the
stage where the artist gathers and sources
their materials for the creation of the
artwork (either subsumed under
preproduction or the production stage).
Either way, materials form one of the most 56

crucial aspects that inform the direction,

quality, and the final output itself.
 Postproduction
Once an artwork is finished, it will be then
decided on how it will be circulated not only in
the art world, but the many publics. If the artist
decides that he alone should see the work, then
so be it. But most of the time, if not always, the
creation of the object requires that it be seen,
heard, touched, and/or experienced in a variety of
ways. Often, it enters into a new sphere, inside
the domain of museums, galleries, performance
halls, theaters, and other art spaces where
interaction can take place. There are many
aspects that go into postproduction, may include
allowing art to set, tweaking the artwork,
preparing the artwork for transport and display, 57
and even the promotion and inclusion of the
artwork in publications or discussions.
 Production Process Diagram

 Brainstorming  Publicize
 Material scouting  Monetize
 Getting new ideas  Personal, etc.
and inspiration, etc. 58
Medium
and
Technique
 Medium
• Medium is the mode of expression in which
the concept, idea, or message is conveyed.
It may be concrete or tangible, such as
paintings, sculptures, monuments, and
structures; or it may be ephemeral or
something transient, such as track,
(recording of sound), a film, or a
performance.
• the materials that artists use to create art
 For concrete works, the objects physically
manifest themselves for a prolonged or lasting
period.
 For ephemeral works, on 60
the other hand, it is
durational.
Vincent Van Gogh’s Portrait of Ginevra d'Este (1434)
Louvre, Paris. Tempera on Wood.
Starry Night 61

‘oil on canvas’
 Technique
• Technique a way of carrying out a
particular task, especially the execution or
performance of an artistic work
• Technique of artwork shows the level of
familiarity with the medium being
manipulated. It alludes the necessity of
additional tools or implements (e.g.,
hammer and chisel may come handy for
sculptors), or consideration of time (e.g.,
behavior of different kinds of paint
especially in drying time requirements), and
the specificity of the site of
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creation (e.g., indoor or
outdoor production requirements).
Medium must not be expected
to yield the same results! This
is where technique comes in.

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10 Essential Oil Painting
Tips and Techniques
*Results may vary depending on the medium used

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 SUMMARY
• There are numerous roles that play a big part in the art world who are
responsible for producing, replicating and preserving art.
• The prominent roles of the art world can sometimes overlap when it
comes to their functions.
• Art world doesn’t simply rely on ideas, sentiments and aesthetic values
but also skills that are professionalized and monetized.
• Art gallery and art museums are two different entities but still serve the
same purpose which is viewing art.
• Producing art can be tedious and involves a tripartite process, which is
the preproduction, production and post production.
• Medium is the mode of expression or the materials that artitsts use to
create art and is tangible or ephemeral. 75

• Technique is how artists show their skills or abilities in a particular field.

THANK YOU!
END OF TOPIC
Engagement with Art
 The defining roles and nature or exhibition have had an interesting evolution, changing alongside the demands of the
society that purports to partake in display.

“Exhibitions act as the catalyst of art and ideas to the public; they
represent a way of displaying and contextualizing art that make it
relevant and accessible to contemporary audiences. The art
exhibition, by its nature, holds a mirror up to society, reflecting its
interests and concerns while at the same time challenging its
ideologies and preconceptions. Keeping art relevant to society and
to a diverse audience at any given point in history is one of the
main goals of the art exhibition and one of the reasons it is so
important to the history of art.”

- Anna C. Cline, The Evolving Role of the Exhibition and Its Impact on Art and Culture (2012)
EXHIBITIONS
“Exhibitions are strategically located at the nexus where artists, their work, the arts institution. And many
different publics intersect.”
- Paul Marincola’s What Makes a Great Exhibition (2006)

• Exhibitions create an opportunity in which the different roles in the art world get to meet,
interact, and even enter into a discussion.
• Exhibitions are one of the most common platforms to engage with the art and to display art.
• Exhibitions may be long-term or permanent hangs, or it may be temporary or periodically
changing.
• An exhibition can be a solo exhibition or may be included in a two-person showing or even a
group exhibition.
 There are some instances when an artwork is a stand-alone or a site-specific work that renders its
display under a slightly different structure or format.
 Other opportunities for art engagement transpire in the classroom (instruction); studio visits; lectures,
workshops, and other events that augment the exhibitions (programs); auction sales; art fairs,
biennals, and triennals; and other larger showings of not only artworks but also where art
personalities can flex their influence and authority.
 Publications are also a good way to introduce the artwork and opens it up for appreciation, critique,
and analysis.
Awards and Citations
After an artist has spent considerable time in honing his skills,
establishing the relevance of the body of his works, and even gaining
respect from his colleagues in the art world, he may be considered or
nominated for awards and citations.
• Support for the arts and culture is not limited to the allocation of
funding or patronship.
• The most common measures in which artists and other creative
producers are given incentives and honor for their work is through
state-initiated and given awards and citations.
2 Major Awards Given to Artists in the Philippines
Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Order of the National
Artists)
Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures Award)
 Conferment of the Order of
National Artists
• It is the highest national recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made
significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts; namely, music, dance,
theater, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast arts, and architecture and allied arts.
• The order is jointly administered by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts
(NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and conferred by the
President of the Philippines upon recommendation by both institutions (NCCCA,
2015).
• The very first recipient of this award was painter Fernando Amorsolo, who was
touted as the :Grand Old Man of Philippines Art”. He was the sole awardee in the
year 1972, a National Artist for Visual Arts.
• At present, there are 66 awardees of this prestigious honor across different art forms.
• The most recent conferment was in 2016.
Emblem of
the Order of
National
Artist of the
Philippines
 Conferment of the Order of National Artist Award (2009 and 2014) led by
President Benigno Aquino III with the recipients(Alice Reyes, Cirilio Bautista, Ramon 85
Santos; Representative of decreased\absent also present. Aquino mentioned 9
National Artist On his speech.)
Honors and Privileges of a National Artist Awardee

1.The rank and title, as proclaimed by the President of the

Philippines;
2.a medallion or insignia and a citation that will be read
during the conferment;
3.cash awards and a host of benefits (monthly life pension,
medical, and hospitalization benefits, life insurance
coverage);
4.a state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng Mga Bayani
(Heroes Cemetery); and
5.A place of honor or designated area during national state
functions, along with recognition or acknowledgement at
cultural events.
 Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures Award)

• It was created in 1992 under the Republic Act No. 7355.

• Also under the jurisdiction of the National Commission for Culture and
the arts (NCCA)

“Through the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee and an Ad

Hoc Panel of Experts, conducts the search for the finest traditional
artists of the land, adopts a program that will ensure the transfer of
their skills to others and undertakes measures to promote a genuine
appreciation of and instill pride among our people about the genius of
the Manlilikha ng Bayan”
- NCCA (2015)
The First Three Conferred
Outstanding Artists
• The first conferred outstanding artists in
music and poetry was in 1993.
• They are Ginaw Bilog, a master of the
Ambahan poetry; Masino Intaray, a master
of various traditional musical instruments of
the Palawan people; and Samaon
Sulaiman, a master of the kutyapi and other
instruments.
Figure 3. The first batch of recipients of GAMABA: Ginaw Bilog, Masino Intaray, and Samoan
Sulaiman. Photos Courtesy of NCCA
 Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
(GAMABA)
• The recipients of GAMABA are sought under the qualification of a “Manlilikha ng Bayan”
who is a “a citizen engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino whose distinctive skills
have reached such a high level of technical and artistic excellence and have been passed
on to and widely practiced by the present generation in his/her community with the same
degree of technical and artistic competence” (NCCA, 2015)
• The artists’ practice may fall under the following categories: folk, architecture, maritime
transport, weaving, carving, performing arts, literature, graphic and plastic arts, ornament,
textile or fiber art, pottery and other artistic expressions of a traditional culture.
• Some of the incentives accorded to the awardee are the following:
 a specially designed gold medallion;
 an initial grant of PhP 100,000 and a PhP 10,000 monthly stipend for life (this was later increased to PhP
14,000);
 benefits such as maximum cumulative amount of PhP 750,000 medical and hospitalization benefits; and
 Funeral assistance or tribute fit for a National Living Treasure.
The medal given to the recipient of the
distinction Gawad sa Manlilikha ng
Bayan(GAMABA).
QUESTIONS

 How relevant still are the awards National Artists and

GAMABA, not only to the art world, but also to the
Filipino society as a whole?
 What do you think is the role of the artist in the
twenty-first century society?