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Ethics: Moral Theories and Moral Frames

This document provides an overview of several major moral theories and frameworks, including: 1) Consequentialist theories like utilitarianism which evaluate actions based on their consequences and promoting the greatest good. 2) Non-consequentialist theories like deontology which focus on adherence to moral rules and duties. 3) Agent-centered theories like virtue ethics which examine good character traits. 4) Additional approaches discussed include feminist ethics, natural law theory, and different types of utilitarianism. The document serves as an introduction to analyzing ethics through various theoretical lenses.

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Vionna Bea
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87 views

Ethics: Moral Theories and Moral Frames

This document provides an overview of several major moral theories and frameworks, including: 1) Consequentialist theories like utilitarianism which evaluate actions based on their consequences and promoting the greatest good. 2) Non-consequentialist theories like deontology which focus on adherence to moral rules and duties. 3) Agent-centered theories like virtue ethics which examine good character traits. 4) Additional approaches discussed include feminist ethics, natural law theory, and different types of utilitarianism. The document serves as an introduction to analyzing ethics through various theoretical lenses.

Uploaded by

Vionna Bea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ETHICS

Moral Theories and


Moral frames
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01
Moral Theories
You could enter a subtitle here if
you need it
CONTENTS

03 Agent-centered
01 Consequentialist
Theories
Theories

02 Non-consequentialist 04 Mental Frames


Theories
A theory is a structured set of statements used to explain (or predict) a set of
facts or concepts. A moral theory, then, explains why a certain action is
wrong -- or why we ought to act in certain ways. In short, it is a theory of
how we determine right and wrong conduct. Also, moral theories provide
the framework upon which we think and discuss in a reasoned way, and so
evaluate, specific moral issues.
Consequentialist
Theories

The The Common


The Egoistic
Utilitarian Good
Approach
Approach Approach
The Utilitarian Approach
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart
Mill.

To analyze an issue using the utilitarian approach,


we first identify the various courses of action
available to us. Second, we ask who will be
affected by each action and what benefits or
harms will be derived from each. And third, we
choose the action that will produce the greatest
benefits and the least harm. The ethical action is
the one that provides the greatest good for the
greatest number.
Types of Utilitarian

● Act- Utilitarian: right actions are those that directly produce


the greatest overall good, everyone considered.
● Rule- Utilitarian: the morally right action is the one covered
by a rule that if generally followed would produce the most
favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered.
The Egoistic Approach

One variation of the utilitarian


approach is known as ethical
egoism, or the ethics of self-
interest. In this approach, an
individual often uses utilitarian
calculation to produce the
greatest amount of good for him
or herself
The Common Good Approach
This approach to ethics
underscores the networked
aspects of society and
emphasizes respect and
compassion for others,
especially those who are more
vulnerable.
02
Non-
COnsequentialist
Non- Consequentialist
Theories

The Duty- The Fairness The Divine


The Rights
Based or Justice Command
Approach
Approach Approach Approach
The Duty-Based Approach

The duty-based approach, sometimes called


deontological ethics. The ethical action is
one taken from duty, that is, it is done
precisely because it is our obligation to
perform the action. Ethical obligations are the
same for all rational creatures .
The Rights Approach
The second important approach to ethics has its
roots in the philosophy of the 18th-century
thinker Immanuel Kant and others like him,
who focused on the individual's right to choose
for herself or himself . what makes human
beings different from mere things is that people
have dignity based on their ability to choose
freely what they will do with their lives, and
they have a fundamental moral right to have
these choices respected.
The Fairness or Justice
Approach
This approach stipulates that the best ethical action is
that which protects the ethical rights of those who are
affected by the action. It emphasizes the belief that all
humans have a right to dignity.
Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in
your own person or in the person of another, always at
the same time as an end and never simply as a means to
an end
The Divine Command
Approach
As its name suggests, this approach
sees what is right as the same as what
God commands, and ethical standards
are the creation of God’s will.
Following God’s will is seen as the
very definition what is ethical. Because
God is seen as omnipotent and
possessed of free will, God could
change what is now considered ethical,
and God is not bound by any standard
of right or wrong short of logical
contradiction.
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● Things you should know
● Things you should know
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03
Agent-centered
Theories
HOW ABOUT THE
PERCENTAGES?

The Virtue The Feminist


Approach Approach
The Virtue Approach
The virtue approach to ethics assumes
that there are certain ideals toward
which we should strive, which provide
for the full development of our
humanity. These ideals are discovered
through thoughtful reflection on what
kind of people we have the potential to
become.
The Feminist Approach

In recent decades, the virtue approach to


ethics has been supplemented and sometimes
significantly revised by thinkers in the
feminist tradition, who often emphasize the
importance of the experiences of women and
other marginalized groups to ethical
deliberation.
Deontology

The word deontology derives from the Greek words for


duty (deon) and science (or study) of (logos). Act only
according to that maxim by which you can at the same
time will that it should become a universal law. An act
must be done from obligation in order to have moral
worth.

Obligation is the necessity of an action performed from


respect for law.
Natural Law

Universe is governed by reason or rational principle.


Thomas Aquinas
1. The natural law is given by God.
2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.
3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.
4. The good is prior to the right.
5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.
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