Biomacromolecules (Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipids, Minerals, Nucleic Acid)
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Ram Kewal TripathiBiomacromolecules (Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipids, Minerals, Nucleic Acid)
Uploaded by
Ram Kewal TripathiUnit 2
THE MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL
BASIS OF AN ORGANISM
• Bio-macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids,
Proteins, Nucleic acids, Minerals)
BIOMACROMOLECULE
Although a cell is mostly with water, the rest of it contains carbon based large molecules called bio-macromolecules
FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
Saccharide (Greek)= Sugar
MONOSACCHARIDE
• Called as simple sugars with general formula (CH2O)n where n is 3 or
more.
• The main fuel that cells use for cellular network.
DISACCHARIDE
• Two monosaccharide join together to form disaccharide
• Two monosaccharide joined by glycosidic bond
OLIGOSACCHARIDE AND POLYSACCHARIDE
• When a few (around 3-6) monosaccharides are joined together, it is
called oligosaccharides.
• Many monosaccharide joined together make a polysaccharide.
• They can be joined together in one long linear chain or they may be
branched.
• These are also called as complex carbohydrates.
PROTEINS
AMINOACIDS
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
The conformation of polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is referred to as
secondary structure
Alanine, leucine,
glutamine form strongest
helix while proline is
rarely found in helix
LIPIDS
FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
FATTY ACIDS
TRIGLYCERIDES
WAXES
STEROIDS
Nucleic acid
• Nucleic acid are biological molecules essential for life.
• There are two types of nucleic acid that are Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• These long thread like polymers are made up of a linear array of
monomers called nucleotides.
NUCLEOTIDE/NUCLEOSIDE
A nucleotide consists of
Nitrogenous Base.
Pentose Sugar. In DNA, the sugar is 2'-deoxyribose. ...
Phosphate Group. A single phosphate group is PO43-.
Nitrogenous bases
There are are the two categories of
nitrogenous bases
Purines : adenine & guanine
Pyrimidines: cytosine & thymine
Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
In DNA are adenine (A), guanine
(G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T).
In RNA, are adenine (A), guanine
(G), cytosine (C) and uracil (U) the
only differing nitrogenous base
Sugar
The sugar present in a molecule of DNA is
deoxyribose
The sugar present in a RNA molecule is
ribose,
Bonds in DNA
• In DNA and RNA the backbone is
composed of alternating sugar
and phosphate groups which form
covalent bond.
Role of Phosphodiester linkage
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double heical structure of DNA
Salent features of double helical structure of DNA
•It consists of two polynucleotide chains where the sugar and phosphate group
form the backbone and the nitrogenous bases project inside the helix.
•The two polynucleotide chains have anti-parallel polarity i.e. if one strand has
5′ → 3′ polarity, the other strand has 3′ → 5′ polarity.
•The bases on the opposite strands are connected through hydrogen bonds forming
base pairs (bp). Adenine always forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine from the
opposite strand and vice-versa. Guanine forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine
from the opposite strand and vice-versa. Therefore, a purine always pairs with a
pyrimidine on the other strand, giving rise to a uniform distance between the two
strands of the helix.
•The two strands coil in a right-handed fashion. Each turn of the helix is 3.4nm (or
34 Angstrom units) consisting of 10 nucleotides. These nucleotides are at a
distance of 0.34nm (or 3.4 Angstrom units).
•The helix is stable because of the base pairs that stack over one another and
hydrogen bonds that hold the bases together.
CHARGAFF’S RULE
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
QUESTIONS
1. What are carbohydrates? Explain the different groups of carbohydrates with examples?
2. What are the functions of proteins? What are the different structural level of protein
organization?
3. What are lipids and what is it role in body? What are the different types of lipids with
examples?
4. Define nucleotides and nucleosides? What are the composition of different nucleic acids?
5. What are the different bonds present in DNA and how are they formed?
6. What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
7. What are the salient features of the double helical structure of DNA proposed by Watson
and Crick?
8. Explain Chargaff’s rule with and example?
9. What are the functions of different types of RNA?
10. What are minerals? Give examples of use of some minerals?
