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Biomaterial Science: by DR Nshimiyimana Alexis Orthopedic Resident - UR

1. A biomaterial is any synthetic or natural substance used to replace or augment an organ or tissue in the body. Common biomaterials include metal alloys, ceramics, glasses, and polymers. 2. Metal alloys like stainless steel, titanium, and cobalt-chrome alloys are commonly used biomaterials due to their strength and biocompatibility. Ceramics like hydroxyapatite are brittle but bond well to bone. Polymers like PMMA bone cement and UHMWPE are used for orthopedic implants. 3. The choice of biomaterial depends on factors like strength, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and cost. No single material is ideal for all

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49 views

Biomaterial Science: by DR Nshimiyimana Alexis Orthopedic Resident - UR

1. A biomaterial is any synthetic or natural substance used to replace or augment an organ or tissue in the body. Common biomaterials include metal alloys, ceramics, glasses, and polymers. 2. Metal alloys like stainless steel, titanium, and cobalt-chrome alloys are commonly used biomaterials due to their strength and biocompatibility. Ceramics like hydroxyapatite are brittle but bond well to bone. Polymers like PMMA bone cement and UHMWPE are used for orthopedic implants. 3. The choice of biomaterial depends on factors like strength, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and cost. No single material is ideal for all

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Nshimiyimana Alexis
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© © All Rights Reserved
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BIOMATERIAL SCIENCE

By Dr NSHIMIYIMANA ALEXIS
Orthopedic resident -UR
INTRODUCTION
• A biomaterial is any substance or combination
of substances (other than a drug), synthetic or
natural in origin, that can be used for any
period of time as a whole or part of a system
that treats, augments or replaces any tissue,
organ or function of the body.
• Many choices are available according to their
properties
DIFFERENT TYPES
1. METAL ALLOYS:
• Stainless steel
• Titanium
• Cobalt-Chrome
2. CERAMICS AND GLASSES
3. POLYMERS
1. METAL ALLOYS
General properties
• Constituted from metallic and non-metallic
elements
• All the metal alloys share some properties in
terms of microstructure, mechanical
properties and chemical reactivity.
Microstructure
• Crystalline lattice
microstructure
(three-dimensional)
• Three crystalline
arrangements: body-
centered cubic (BCC),
face-centered cubic
(FCC) and hexagonal
close-packed (HCP)
Microstructure cont’d
• Density depends on the number of atoms in
contact with each other
• FCC and HCP have higher densities
• Plastic deformation is easiest in FCC arrangement
• Arrangements of crystals can be changed into
grains by melting and solidification from molten
state
• The smaller the grain size, the higher the strength
of the material
Mechanical Properties
• Stiff, ductile and hard
• Different resistance to plastic deformation
• Work hardening: tensile loading to deform a
metal alloy by making strains and dislocations
to its microstructure
• Cold working and annealing
• Fatigue failure
Chemical properties
• Metallic bonds
• Free electron model : Metal atoms lose
electrons and become ions in crystal
structures and electrons circulate freely
• Hence, Electrical and thermal conductivity and
high chemical reactivity
• Passivation (eg: with nitric oxide) protects
them from corrosion
Stainless steel
• Formed by Iron and carbon.
• Chromium added for passivation
• 316L (3% Molybdenum and 16%
Nickel, added to the normal
alloy of Iron, carbon and
chromium, with low carbon
content) is the most commonly
used in orthopedics
• FCC and BCC
Stainless steel cont’d
• More ductile
• Low yield stress level
• Advantages:
• Strength
• Ductility
• Reasonable Resistance to corrosion
• Reasonable Biocompatibility
• Relatively cheap
• Disadvantages
• Susceptible to crevice corrosion
• Susceptible to stress corrosion
Titanium alloys
• The most commonly
used orthopedic
titanium alloy is
titanium 64
• Aluminium (6%) and
vanadium (4%).
• Biphasic structure
(HCP and BCC)
Adv:
Disadv:
• Improved fatigue • Notch sensitivity
resistance (scratching reduces
fatigue resistance)
• Remarkable
• susceptible to wear
resistance to
corrosion • systemic cytotoxic
vanadium ion release
• Excellent
biocompatibility • accelerated particle-
induced wear from
• Auto passivation by
titanium prostheses
forming TiO2
• relatively expensive.
• Lower young’s
modulus
Cobalt chrome alloys
• Contain primarily
cobalt,
• significant amounts of
added chromium
• Minor amounts of
carbon, nickel and
molybdenum
Cobalt chrome cont’d
Advantages Disadvantage
• Excellent resistance to
corrosion, especially • Very Expensive
crevice corrosion
• Good long-term
biocompatibility
• Strongest of the metal
alloys
• Mechanical properties
can be altered by
manufacturing methods
Comparison
2. CERAMICS AND GLASSES
Definition
• Ceramics are compounds of metallic elements,
such as aluminium, zirconium and silicon,
bound ionically and/or covalently with
nonmetallic elements.
• Common ceramics include aluminium oxide
(alumina), silicon oxide (silica), zirconium
oxide (zirconia) and hydroxyapatite (HA).
Microstructure and manufacture
• Ionic bonds with electron transfer from metal to non
metallic element
• Granular structure
• Grain size dependent properties
• made by mixing powdered ceramic and water and
pressing them into prefabricated casts
• Heated by high temp
• The smaller the initial particle size, the smaller the
resulting grain size and, consequently, the higher the
strength.
Chemical and mechanical properties
• Chemically inert
• Insoluble
• Best biocompatibility
• High elastic modulus
• Brittleness: No plastic
deformation
• Limited use: Femoral head
component in THR, Coating of
metal implants
Hydroxyapatite
• HA coatings are good osteoconductors and
bond to bone
• Brittle
• Difficult metal coating
• Can be combined with cement
• Cures into a hard substance with properties
similar to those of cancellous bone
3.POLYMERS

The most commonly used are


polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement
and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
(UHMWPE) for acetabular cups.
Microstructure and manufacture
• Many repeating units of a
basic sequence (monomer)
• By addition or condensation
polymerization
• As the molecular weight of
any polymer increases, shear
strength, tensile strength and
wear resistance also increase.
PMMA Bone cement
• Used to fix in place orthopedic prosthesis
• available as a liquid (N,N-dimethyltoluidine
and hydroquinone) and a powder (PMMA
copolymer, barium or zirconium dioxide and
benzoyl peroxide)
• Stages of reaction :
• Sandy stage
• Mixture stage
• Cement is doughy and doesn’t stick to glove
UHMWPE
• Polyethylene polymer with at least 3 million
units.
• Formed by condensation polymerization and
sintering (fusing) of the polyethylene fine
granular powder
• Addition of calcium stearate to prevent
yellowing.
• Sterilized by radiation and not by autoclave
references
• www.orthobullets.com basic
science/9062/material properties
• www.orthobullets.com basic science/9061/
structural properties.
• Ramachandran basic science ,biomaterial chap
18, pg 154-163

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