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Second Order LCR Resonator

1) A second order LCR resonator circuit can be used to derive various second order filters. It consists of an inductor, capacitor, and resistor connected in parallel. 2) The LCR resonator circuit can be excited using either a current source or a voltage source without changing its natural structure. This allows it to function as the basis for realizing common filter types. 3) Various second order filters like low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and notch filters can be realized by treating the LCR resonator circuits as voltage dividers and choosing appropriate impedance combinations.

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Deepthi
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378 views

Second Order LCR Resonator

1) A second order LCR resonator circuit can be used to derive various second order filters. It consists of an inductor, capacitor, and resistor connected in parallel. 2) The LCR resonator circuit can be excited using either a current source or a voltage source without changing its natural structure. This allows it to function as the basis for realizing common filter types. 3) Various second order filters like low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and notch filters can be realized by treating the LCR resonator circuits as voltage dividers and choosing appropriate impedance combinations.

Uploaded by

Deepthi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Second order LCR resonator

Lecture 6
20th April 2020
Deepthi M S
Assistant Prof
NIE, Mysuru
Introduction
• A second order LCR resonator means a parallel RLC circuit as
shown below.
• LCR resonator can be used to derive various
second-order filters.
• In order to find the natural modes of parallel
resonance circuit shown in figure 1, it as
to be subjected to excitation without altering
the structure of the circuit. Fig 1 :2 nd
order Parallel
LCR resonator Circuit
• The excitation i.e. Input connected to LCR resonator can be an
ideal current or ideal voltage source.

2
Continued...
• Two ways for exciting the resonator without change its natural
structure.
1. The resonator is excited with a current source I connected in
parallel.
• With the ideal current source of independent source type
the natural structure of LCR resonator is unaltered
because the independent ideal current source is equivalent
to open circuit.
• The resonator poles are poles of Vo I

I1 I2 I3

Fig 2: Current Source


3
Excitation
Continued...
• Transfer the figure (2) into s-domain and apply KCL, we get

(1)

• But for the second order biquadratic transfer function


denominator is given by,

4
Continued...
• Comparing denominator polynomial in equation (1) with
standard polynomial we get,

• Thus,

5
Continued...
2. The resonator is excited with a voltage source V.
• The input voltage source is connected in series with the
inductor.
• With ideal independent voltage source, the natural structure
is maintained because, independent ideal voltage source is
equivalent to short circuit.
• The resonator poles are poles of Vo Vi

Fig 3: Voltage Source


6
Excitation
Continued...
• Transfer the figure (3) into s-domain and apply voltage divider
rule, we get

(2)

• Comparing denominator polynomial in equation (2) with


standard polynomial we get,

7
Various second order filter realization using
LCR resonator
• We can derive various second order filters using LCR
resonator circuit by treating the circuits as voltage divider.

• Now Z and Z can be either a single R, L, or C, or a series


1 2
or parallel combination of any two.

8
Transmission Zeros
• The values of s are at which Z2(s) is zero, provided that Z1(s)
is not simultaneously zero.
• The values of s are at which Z1(s) is infinite, provided that
Z2(s) is not simultaneously infinite.

9
Realization of the Low-Pass Function
Z1
Z2

Fig 4: LP Filter

•The transmission zero is the


values of ‘s’ for which,
• Series impedance sL
becomes infinite at s  
• Shunt impedance become
zero
•Thus the circuit has two
transmission zeros at s   , like a
LP filter. 10
Realization of the High-Pass Function
Z1 Z2

Fig 5: HP Filter

(3)

11
Continued...
• The equation (3) is similar to the general second order high
pass filter transfer function,

(4)

• This circuit provides two zeros at s=0,


• Series capacitor introduces one transmission zero at s=0
(dc). At s=0 , series impedance is infinite i.e, 1 sC   hence
output will be zero.
• Shunt inductor introduces another transmission zero at
s=0 (dc). At s=0, shunt impedance i.e, R || sL becomes zero
and hence output will become zero.

12
Continued...
• Comparing equation (2) and (3) we get ,

• a2 is high frequency gain, which can be determined as ‘s’


approaches infinity, capacitor becomes short circuit and Vo  Vi
resulting in a2  1 .

13
Realization of the Band-Pass Function
Z1
Z2

Fig 6: BP Filter

(5)

14
Continued...
• The series impedance is resistive and thus does not introduce
any zero.
• One zero is at s=0 (dc) introduced by shunt inductor.(sL=0)
• Another zero is at s   introduced by shunt capacitor( 1 sC  )
• At o , the LC circuit exhibit resonance hence their impedance
will be infinite, no current flows through R and hence Vo  Vi .
• Thus centre frequency gain is unity.

15
Realization of the Notch Function

Fig 7: Notch Filter


•Parallel resonance circuit is used in NOTCH at o
series arm to realize transmission
zeros on +jw axis.
•Impedance of LC circuit becomes
1
infinite at o  LC , causing zero
transmission at this frequency.
•Shunt impedance is resistive , thus
does not introduce zero.
•High frequency gain a2  1 . 16
Continued...
• Objective : to realize notch filter with notch frequency n
which is different from filter pole frequency o .
1. Low pass notch n  o
2. High pass notch n  o

Low pass notch High pass notch


17
General Notch structure

•The tank circuit L1C1 introduces transmission zeros at  jn .


•The values of L2 and C2 must be selected such that poles are
not altered.

•When Vi is replaced with short circuit, the circuit should


reduce to original LCR resonator. 18
Realization of the low-pass notch (LPN)
function
• For the LPN n  o

• This results in the LPN circuit below,

19
LPN as s tends to infinity
Realization of the High-pass notch (HPN)
function
• For the HPN

• This results in the HPN circuit below,

• As ‘s’ tends to infinity , Vo  Vi thus high frequency gain is


unity.
20
Realization of the All Pass Function
• The second order all-pass filter function,

(6)

• Equation (6) can be rewritten as,

(7)

21
Continued...
• We have already realized band-pass filter with a centre
frequency gain of unity.

Fig 8:Band pass filter

• Equation (7) can be altered as below,

(7) All pass filter with a flat


gain 0.5

22
Continued...
• Function represented by equation (7) can be realized using a
voltage divider with a transmission ratio of 0.5 together with
band pass filter circuit shown in figure (8).
• To implement the subtraction shown in equation (8), the
output of all pass filter is taken between output terminal of
voltage divider and band pass filter shown in figure (9) below.
• Disadvantage : lack of common ground
between input and output.

Fig 9: 2nd order All pass


23
filter

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