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Nanopharmacology

Nanopharmacology uses nanotechnology for drug discovery, development, and delivery. It allows for protection of drugs from degradation and precise targeting to specific tissues. This improves pharmacokinetics and reduces side effects. Nanocarriers currently in development include liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanoshells. Challenges remain around stability, targeting efficiency, and safety assessments, but nanotechnology has potential to revolutionize drug delivery through properties like controlled release and passive or active tissue targeting.

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40 views

Nanopharmacology

Nanopharmacology uses nanotechnology for drug discovery, development, and delivery. It allows for protection of drugs from degradation and precise targeting to specific tissues. This improves pharmacokinetics and reduces side effects. Nanocarriers currently in development include liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanoshells. Challenges remain around stability, targeting efficiency, and safety assessments, but nanotechnology has potential to revolutionize drug delivery through properties like controlled release and passive or active tissue targeting.

Uploaded by

dentsavvy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nanopharmacology

Overview
1. Introduction- Nanotechnology
2. Nanobiotechnology- Applications
3. Nanopharmacology
4. Role in Drug Discovery & Development
5. Role in Drug Delivery System
6. Conclusion
Nanotechnology
According to National Nanotechnology Initiative
(NNI)

Research and technology development at the atomic,


molecular, and macromolecular levels in the length scale of
approximately 1-100nanometer range, to provide a
fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at a
nanoscale and to create and use structure, devices and systems
that have novel properties and functions because of their small
&/or intermediate size
Applications of Nanobiotechnology

Drug
Drug Drug
discovery Monitoring
Screening Delivery

Implanted
Diagnosis Surgical tools Wound Care
Devices
Nanopharmacology
• Nanopharmacology is the use of
nanotechnology for discovery of new
pharmacological molecular entities
– Selection of pharmaceuticals for specific
individuals to maximize effectiveness and
minimize side effects
– Delivery of pharmaceuticals to targeted locations
or tissues within the body
Advantages of nanopharmacology
• Nanocarriers improve pharmacokinetic profile of drug
• Protection of active molecule from metabolism and
degradation
• Possibility of governing drug release over time at
constant rate
• Ability to reach the specific target site using specific
ligands
• Reduce adverse effects by delivering drug only to the
target site at desired levels
Nanopharmacology

• Drug discovery & development

• Drug delivery system


DRUG DISCOVERY AND
DEVELOPMENT
• Drug Discovery(research)
– Identification of a potential therapeutic target 
selection of a single molecule for testing in
humans

• Drug Development(development)
– Preclinical studies that support initial clinical trials
through approval of the drug by regulatory
authorities
• The drug discovery industry has become such
a competitive market that it continually faces
a challenge to find better drug discovery
technologies.

• In terms of drug discovery and development,


the role of nanotechnology currently lies in
improving diagnostic methods, developing
improved drug formulations and drug delivery
systems for disease therapy.
The advances in the technology are now
beginning to overcome the initial challenges of
insufficient throughput, unreliable data and
various other issues
• In a drive to improve productivity and to
sustain market share, pharmaceutical and
biotechnology firms have over the years
invested billions of dollars in innovative
technologies that are able to accelerate the
drug discovery and development processes.
DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM
Drug Delivery
• A method or process of administering a
pharmaceutical compound to achieve
therapeutic effect in humans or animals
• The most common methods of drug delivery
include non invasive methods(oral , topical,
rectal, vaginal, sublingual)--> many medicines
can’t be given through this routes.
↓
Because they might be susceptible to enzymatic
degradation or can’t be absorbed into the
systemic circulation efficiently
Factors Impacting Drug Delivery
1. Size
• Size plays a key role in particles functions :degradation,
vascular dynamics, targeting, clearance and uptake
mechanisms
• Particles have different velocities, diffusion characteristics
and adhesion properties, depending on their size resulting
in different uptake efficiencies
• The size of nanodrugs:
– large enough to prevent rapid leakage in blood capillaries
– small enough to escape the capture of macrophages in the
reticuloendothelial system, such as the liver and spleen.
2. Shape

• The shape of particles can also have an intriguing


effect on particle functions, especially in biological
processes, including internalization, transport through
the blood vessels and targeting diseased sites
3. Surface characteristics
• It determines the lifespan of nanoparticles
during circulation in the blood stream
• The surface charge on the particle also affects
other functions, such as internalization by
macrophages.
– Positively charged particles: exhibit higher
internalization by macrophages and dendritic cells
compared with neutral or negatively charged
particles
Nano-biotechnology sector play a significant role
to overcome the a drug delivery problems.
(a) particle size of drugs is reduced in nanometer
size range enhance the surface area and
ultimately improve rate of dissolution,
(b) Nano-meter size range of drug also useful to
improve their solubility
(c) With the help of this technology scientists
trying to develop noninvasive routes of drug
administration method which can eliminates
the use of injectable drugs,
(d) nanotechnology based formulations
improved the solubility of poorly soluble drug
and enhance absorption capability, improved
bioavailability and release rate of large
molecules, reduced the optimum dose and
enhance the safety margin by reducing the
side effects
(e) Nano-biotechnology principles help in
developing of Sustained and controlled
release formulations with better patient
compliance
Continuing improvement in the pharmacological
and therapeutic properties of drugs is driving
the revolution in novel drug delivery systems.
• Today’s major demand in drug delivery field is
to develop ideal, safe and effective, non-
invasive drug delivery methods.
• A wide spectrum of therapeutic nanocarriers
has been extensively investigated to address
this emerging need.
Nanocarriers for drug delivery
• Liposomes
• Polymer nanoparticles
• Nanocapsules
• Nanosuspensions
• Nanocrystals
• Dendrimers
• Nanoshells
• Nanotubes
Liposomes
• Lipid based vesicles formed by phospholipids
(a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail)
Liposome- Unique Properties
• Encapsulation of both hydrophobic &
hydrophilic drugs
• Structural protection of drugs from
environment of body
• Anti cancer drugs( doxorubicin, paclitaxel),
antibiotics( vancomycin, amikacin)
Disadvantages
• Poor storage stability (surface modification)
• Low encapsulation efficiency
• Fast burst release of drugs (encapsulated in
liposomal aqueous phase by an ammonium
sulphate gradient)
• Lack of tunable triggers for drug release
(change in pH, temperature , radiofrequency
or magnetic field)
Polymer based drug delivery
• Colloidal particles with a size range of 10-
1000nm and they can be spherical, branched
or core-shell structure
• Biodegradable synthetic: poly-lactic acid(PLA),
poly-D-L- glycolide(PLG), poly-D-L-lactide-co-
glycolide( PLGA), poly- cyanoacrylate (PCA)
• Natural: albumin, gelatin, alginate, collagen
Dendrimer Based Drug Delivery
• Synthetic, branched macromolecules with a
well defined chemical structure, consisting of
an initiator core and multiple layers with active
terminal group
• Carry drugs via covalent conjugation to
multivalent surfaces or encapsulation in the
cavities of the cores through hydrophobic
interaction, hydrogen bond or chemical linkage
Dendrimer…
• Also carry bioactive macromolecules such as
DNA by condensing them through
electrostatic interactions
• By use of pH or enzyme sensitivelinkages,
stimulus responsive dendrimers can be
generated
• SPL7013 (l-lysine- based dendrimer) to deliver
microbicide for prevention of HIV
Targeting Strategies
• Two basic requirements should be realized in
the design of nanocarriers to achieve effective
drug delivery.
1. drugs should be able to reach the desired sites after
administration with minimal loss to their volume and
activity in blood circulation.
2. drugs should only harm desired cells without harmful
effects to healthy tissue
• These requirements may be enabled using
two strategies: passive and active targeting of
drugs
Challenges in Drug Delivery
Conclusion
• Nanotechnology is an emerging field with the potential
to revolutionize drug delivery
• Advances in this area will allow nanomedicines to
achieve desirable pharmacokinetic properties, reduce
toxicity and improve patient compliance, as well as
clinical outcomes.
• Understanding both the benefits and the risks of these
new nanotechnology applications will be essential to
good decision-making for drug developers, regulators
and ultimately the consumers and patients who will be
the beneficiaries of new drug delivery technologies.
References
1. Bamrungsap S, Zhao Z, Chen T, et al. Nanotechnology in therapeutics: a
focus on nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. Nanomedicine (Lond).
2012;7(8):1253-1271. doi:10.2217/nnm.12.87
2. Jain KK. Nanomedicine: application of nanobiotechnology in medical
practice. Med Princ Pract. 2008;17(2):89-101. doi:10.1159/000112961
3. Patra, J.K., Das, G., Fraceto, L.F. et al. Nano based drug delivery
systems: recent developments and future prospects. J
Nanobiotechnol 16, 71 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0392-8
4. Blanco E, Shen H, Ferrari M. Principles of nanoparticle design for
overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol.
2015;33:941

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