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Single Variable Calculus

This document appears to be lecture notes from a class on single variable calculus taught by Dr. Geetha K N on December 9, 2020. It covers several topics in calculus including limits, continuity, and the intermediate value theorem. Examples and exercises are provided throughout to illustrate key concepts. The notes contain over 50 pages of content spanning technical definitions, theorems, example problems and solutions.

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180 views54 pages

Single Variable Calculus

This document appears to be lecture notes from a class on single variable calculus taught by Dr. Geetha K N on December 9, 2020. It covers several topics in calculus including limits, continuity, and the intermediate value theorem. Examples and exercises are provided throughout to illustrate key concepts. The notes contain over 50 pages of content spanning technical definitions, theorems, example problems and solutions.

Uploaded by

TAEHYUNG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SINGLE VARIABLE

CALCULUS
19MAT101

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LIMITS
Section 2.1
Exercise 2.1 – Problems 1 to 10

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Limits
• 
Limit of a function:
The function f(x) is said to have limit L at a point x = a if
the function value approaches ‘L’ as ‘x’ approaches ‘a’. We
write this as
Since x approaches a from the left and from the right we
have the notion of left hand limit and the right hand limit.
The left hand limit is denoted by and the right hand limit
is denoted by .
The limit exists only if the left hand limit and right hand
limit exists and are equal.

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Example 1
From the given function find the limits at the points x = 0, 1, 2, 3,4.

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Example 2

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Example 3

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CONTINUITY
Section 2.6
Exercise Problem 1 to 49

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Continuity
•   function f(x) is said to be continuous at an interior point
A
x = a, if
(i) f is defined at a
(ii) exists
(iii) = f(a)
A function is said to be continuous at an end point ‘a’, if ‘f’ is
defined at ‘a’
If the left hand limit exists at the right end point ’a’ and equal to
f(a) then the function is said to be left continuous at the point ‘a’
If the right hand limit exists at the left end point ’a’ and equal to
f(a) then the function is said to be right continuous at the point ‘a’

If the function is continuous at end points then left end point is


right continuous and right end point is left continuous.
If the function is not continuous at a point then we call it as
discontinuous.
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Which of the function is continuous?

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Types of Discontinuity

Discontinuity Discontinuity when


When limit exists limit does not exists
LHL = RHL ≠ f(x) LHL ≠ RHL

Removable Jump Infinite Oscillating


Discontinuity (limit is (limit is (not fixed)
finite) infinite)

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Removable Discontinuity

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Removable Discontinuity

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Removable Discontinuity
Removable Discontinuity:
For a function f(x), the limit exists at a point x =a, but not equal to the
functional value at the point then f(x) is said to have removable discontinuity at
x = a. In this case, we define a new function called continuous extension of ’f’
at x = a as

F(x)

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Find the continuous extension function at x = 0

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Here if r is even then it is continuous and if r is odd the check for the continuity.

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• 
1) The functions are continuous at every point in the domain
except at x = 0, x = a, x = -a, respectively that is, the points
of discontinuity are x = 0, x = a, x = -a.
2) The identity functions and constant functions are always
continuous in the domain.
3) Every polynomial function is continuous.
Ex. ax + b, ax2 + bx + c, etc
4) If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials then the rational function is
continuous whenever Q(x) ≠ 0.
5) The function f(x) = |x| is continuous at every value of x.
6) f(x) = sin x, f(x) = cos x are continuous everywhere.
7) F(x) = tan x, sec x, cot x, cosec x are not continuous.

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 Continuous except at  Continuous except at

Continuous
  except at
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 Continuous except at
At what points are the following functions continuous:

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Intermediate Value theorem

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