Mechanics of Materials

Engr.Mohamed Abdullah
COMBINED LOADINGS
Overview

• Introduction

• Problem solving example

• State of stresses caused by combined loadings

• Problem solving example

• Discuss the solution of problems

Introduction
Loads
Types of Load
Axial (Compression & Tension)
Torsional
Flexural (Bending)
Introduction

Stress
Force
Stress ( ) 
Area
Types of Stress
Normal Stress
-Compressive stress
-Tensile stress
Combined Stress
-Shear stress
-Torsional stress
Thin-walled pressure vessels

• Cylindrical or spherical vessels are commonly used in industry

to serve as boilers or tanks
• When under pressure, the material which they are made of, is
subjected to a loading from all directions
• “Thin wall” refers to a vessel having an inner-radius-thickness
ratio of 10 or more (r/t ≥ 10)
Thin-walled pressure vessels
Cylindrical vessels
• A gauge pressure p is
developed within the vessel by
a contained gas or fluid, and
assumed to have negligible
weight
• Due to uniformity of loading, an
element of the vessel is
subjected to normal stresses
1 in the circumferential or
hoop direction and 2 in the
longitudinal or axial direction
Thin-walled pressure vessels

Cylindrical vessels
We use the method of sections and apply the equations
of force equilibrium to get the magnitudes of the stress
components
•Circumferential direction (x direction)
•Longitudinal direction (y direction)

For equilibrium in the x direction we require

pr
1 = Equation 8-1
t
Thin-walled pressure vessels

Cylindrical vessels
As shown, 2 acts uniformly throughout the wall, and p
acts on the section of gas or fluid. Thus for equilibrium
in the longitudinal y direction,

For equilibrium in the y direction we require

pr
2 =
2tEquation 8-2
Thin-walled pressure vessels

Cylindrical vessels
For Equations 8-1 and 8-2

1, 2 = normal stress in the hoop and longitudinal

directions, respectively. Each is assumed to be
constant throughout the wall of the cylinder, and
each subjects the material to tension
p = internal gauge pressure developed by the contained
gas or fluid
r = inner radius of the cylinder
t = thickness of the wall (r/t ≥ 10)
Thin-walled pressure vessels

Spherical vessels
• The analysis for a spherical
pressure vessel can be done in a
similar manner
• Like the cylinder, equilibrium in the
y direction requires

pr
2 = Equation 8-3
2t
 Example 8.1

Cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of

1.2 m and thickness of 12 mm. Determine the
maximum internal pressure it can sustain so that
neither its circumferential nor its longitudinal stress
component exceeds 140 MPa. Under the same
conditions, what is the maximum internal pressure
that a similar-size spherical vessel
 Solution 8.1

Cylindrical pressure vessel

Maximum stress occurs in the
circumferential direction. From
Eqn 8-1, we have
pr p(600 mm)
1 = ; 140 N/mm 2
=
t 12 mm

p = 2.8 N/mm2
Note that when pressure is reached, from Eq. 8-2, stress in
the longitudinal direction will be
2 = 0.5(140 MPa) = 70 MPa.
 Solution 8.1

Spherical pressure vessel

Here, the maximum stress occurs in any two
perpendicular directions on an element of the vessel.
From Eqn 8-3, we have

pr p(600 mm)
2 = ; 140 N/mm2 =
2t 2(12 mm)
p = 5.6 N/mm2

Although it is more difficult to fabricate, the spherical

pressure vessel will carry twice as much internal pressure as
a cylindrical vessel.
 Problem 8.1

A spherical gas tank has an inner radius of r = 1.5 m, If it

is subjected to an internal pressure of p = 300 kPa,
determine its required thickness if the maximum normal
stress in not to exceed 12 MPa.

Problem 8.2

A pressurized spherical tank is to be made of 0.5 in thick

steel, If it is subjected to an internal pressure of p = 200
psi, determine its outer radius if the maximum normal
stress is not to exceed 15 ksi.
 Solution 8.1

pr 300(103)(1.5)
2 = ; 12 (106) =
2t 2t

t = 0.00188 m = 18.8 mm

Solution 8.1
pr 200 ri
2 = ; 15 (103) =
2t 2(0.5)

ri = 75 in

ro = 75 in + 0.5 in = 75.5 in
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
• In previous chapters, we developed methods for
determining the stress distributions in a member
subjected to internal axial forces, shear forces,
bending moments, or torsional moments.
• Often, the x-section of a member is subjected to
several of these type of loadings simultaneously
• We can use the method of superposition to
determine the resultant stress distribution caused
by the loads
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Application of the method of superposition
1. The stress distribution due to each loading is
determined
2. These distributions are superimposed to determine
the resultant stress distribution
Conditions to satisfy
• A linear relationship exists between the stress and
the loads
• Geometry of the member should not undergo
significant change when the loads are applied
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Procedure for analysis
Internal loading
• Section the member perpendicular to its axis at
the pt where the stress is to be determined
• Obtain the resultant internal normal and shear
force components and the bending and torsional
moment components
• Force components should act through the centroid
of the x-section, and moment components should
be computed about centroidal axes, which
represent the principal axes of inertia for x-section
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Procedure for analysis
Average normal stress
• Compute the stress component associated with
each internal loading.
• For each case, represent the effect either as a
distribution of stress acting over the entire x-
sectional area, or show the stress on an element
of the material located at a specified pt on the x-
section
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Procedure for analysis
Normal force
• Internal normal force is developed by a uniform
normal-stress distribution by  = P/A
Shear force
• Internal shear force in member subjected to
bending is developed from shear-stress
distribution determined from the shear formula,
 = VQ/It. Special care must be exercised as
highlighted in section 7.3.
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Procedure for analysis
Bending moment
• For straight members, the internal bending
moment is developed by a normal-stress
distribution that varies linearly from zero at the
neutral axis to a maximum at outer boundary of
the member.
• Stress distribution obtained from flexure formula,
 = –My/I.
• For curved member, stress distribution is
nonlinear and determined from  = My/[Ae(R – y)]
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Procedure for analysis
Torsional moment
• For circular shafts and tubes, internal torsional
moment is developed by a shear-stress
distribution that varies linearly from the central
axis of shaft to a maximum at shaft’s outer
boundary
• Shear-stress distribution is determined from the
torsional formula, = T/J.
• If member is a closed thin-walled tube,
use  = T/2Amt
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Procedure for analysis
Thin-walled pressure vessels
• If vessel is a thin-walled cylinder, internal
pressure p will cause a biaxial state of stress in
the material such that the hoop or circumferential
stress component is 1 = pr/t and longitudinal
2 = pr/2t.
• If vessel is a thin-walled sphere, then biaxial
state of stress is represented by two equivalent
components, each having a magnitude of
2 = pr/2t
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Procedure for analysis
Superposition
• Once normal and shear stress components for
each loading have been calculated, use the
principle of superposition and determine the
resultant normal and shear stress components
• Represent the results on an element of material
located at the pt, or show the results as a
distribution of stress acting over the member’s
x-sectional area
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Example 8.2

A force of 15,000 N is applied to the edge of the

member shown. Neglect the weight of the member
and determine the state of stress at pts B and C.
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Solution 8.2
Internal loadings
Member is sectioned through B and C. For
equilibrium at section, there must be an axial force
of 15,000 N acting through the centroid and a
bending moment of 750,000 N·mm about the
centroidal or principal axis.
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Solution 8.2………cont.
Stress components
1. Normal force
Uniform normal-stress distribution
due to normal force is shown.
 = P/A = … = 3.75 MPa
2. Bending moment
Normal stress distribution due to
bending moment is shown.

max = Mc/I = … = 11.25 MPa

State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Solution 8.2………cont.
Superposition
If above normal-stress distributions
are added algebraically, resultant
stress distribution is shown.
Although not needed here, the
location of the line of zero stress
can be determined by proportional
triangles, i.e.,
7.5 MPa 15 MPa
=
x (100 mm – x)

x = 33.3 mm
State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Solution 8.2………cont.
Superposition
Elements of material at B and C are subjected only
to normal or uniaxial stress as shown. Hence

B = 7.5 MPa C = 15 MPa

State of stresses caused by combined
loadings
Solution 8.2………cont.