PRESSURE

Lesson 3
Characteristics of fluids and solids
The earth, the water we drink, the air we breathe, everything we touch is
composed of matter.
Matter exist in different forms that have different physical properties.
We can classify matter in four categories: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
These are called the four phases or states of matter.
We will only consider matter in one “pure” phases: solid like rock; liquid like
water; gaseous like carbon dioxide.
The phases of matter refer to the macroscopic (external) form and properties of
matter. This in turn to determined by the microscopic (internal) structure of matter.

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SOLID
S-are rigid and retain their shape
unless distorted by a force.
Examples: rock, wood, plastic, and
iron.

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LIQUIDS
- flow readily, conform to the shape of
a container, have a well- defined
boundary (surface), and have higher
densities than gases.
Examples: water, alcohol, gasoline,
and blood.

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GASES-
flow readily conform to the shape of
a container, do not have well- defined
surface, and can be compressed
( squeezed into a smaller volume)
readily.
Examples are air, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, and helium.

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PLASMA
S-have properties of gases but also
conduct electricity, interact strongly
with magnetic fields, and commonly
exist at higher temperatures.
Examples: gases in operating
florescent, neon, vapor lights
(compact fluorescents); matter in the
sun and stars.

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Newton’s laws and conservation laws can be applied to fluids and
using appropriate extensions of physical quantities like force and
mass. These extensions are pressure and density. Forces that are
exerted by gases, liquids, and solids are normally spread over a
surface.
The force that the floor exerts on you when you are standing is
distributed over the bottoms of your feet. A boat floating on water has
an upward force over its lower surface. The air around a floating
balloon exerts forces on the balloon’s surface. In all this situations,
pressure is very useful.

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 “
Why do ships float while a coin sinks in
seawater?
Why are dams narrow on top and wide at the
bottom?
Why is steel spring used in spring balance
instead of rubber band?

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Pressure-
is defined as the ratio of the force
to the area on which the force is
pulled. The force acts
perpendicular to the area.

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The concept of pressure also explains why it would be
easier to crack a block of ice with an ice pick than with a
hammer.

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+ If the force is expressed in Newton N and area m²,
then the unit of pressure is in N/m². This unit is
called Pascal (Pa), the SI unit of pressure.

+ The unit Pa is named in honor of Blaise Pascal, a

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Pressure(P) is the force (F) perpendicular
to unit surface area (A) of surface. In
symbols:
P= F/A

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+ One Pa is equal to 1 N/m². The English unit for
pressure (psi) may be most familiar to you. Air
pressure in tires is commonly measured in psi.

1 psi = 6894 Pa

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+ Another common unit of pressure is the atmosphere
(atm). It is equal to the average air pressure at sea
level.

1 atm= 1.01 x 105 Pa = 14.7 psi

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+ Consider a box on the floor (figure 18). The box
weighs 500 N. It measures 2 m long, 1 m wide, and
0.5 m thick. The force of the box on the floor is its
weight, 500 N. The pressure of the box on the floor
is the part of its weight acting perpendicular on a
unit area of the floor.

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 + If the box is lying on its base, its pressure on
the floor is:

P= 500N
2mx1m

= 250 N/m² or 250 Pa

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ACTIVITY 1: INVESTIGATING PRESSURE IN WATER
COLUMN
Intended learning outcomes
At the end of this learning activity, you are expected to:
1. Compare the pressure exerted by a liquid at different depths;
2. State the relationship between pressure and depth of liquid; and
3. State the relationship between pressure and density of liquid

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Materials that you need
Beaker or jug, 600mL
Hammer

3 small beakers or disposable cups Bell jar (optioanl)

2 1.5 mL PET bottles Spring balance

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YOUR TASKS
Task 1 Take a PET bottle and make holes in it, near the bottom. The
holes should be made at different places around the bottle at the same
level. See figure 21. a.

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 Task 2
Fill the PET bottle with water over sink and observe how the
water spouts out. Does water spout out in the holes at equal
speed in all direction?

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TASK 3 Take a second bottle and make three one near
the top, one part way down, and one near the
bottom. Label the holes A, B, and C,
respectively. It is most convenient if the holes
are slightly staggered around the bottle as in
figure 21.b.

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TASK 4 Fill the bottle with water over a sink and
observe how the water spouts out. By pouring
replenishing water into the bottle, the level of
water in it can be kept constant. Collect the
water spouting from the three holes in three
separate cups and observe what happens.
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=i42TaUiCNf0

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TASK 4 Draw the trajectory of the water spouting out
in the three holes.

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TASK 5 Answer the following
questions.
1. At what point is the 2. At what point is the 3. Compare the
speed of water speed of water the pressure of water in
spouting out the slowest? Explain. task 2 and 4. Is there
fastest? Why? any difference?
Explain.

4. Based on the 5. Consider the situation wherein containers X

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Thanks!
Any questions?

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PREPARED BY:
Ms. Joy Angustia
Science Teacher

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