PROBABILITY AND

STATISTICS
MATH-361(3-0)
INSTRUCTOR: SOPHIA SIDDIQUE
AGENDA

• Probability and statistics

• Discuss definition of statistics
• Branches of statistics
• Statistical Terminologies
• Importance of statistics
• Data, Types of data
• Variables ,types of variables
• Classification of data
• Frequency Distribution and its different terminologies
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

The Nature of Probability and Statistics :

Students will use appropriate statistical terms to describe data.
• Identify the types of data (qualitative, quantitative, discrete, and continuous).
• Identify the types of sampling (random, stratified, systematic, cluster)
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS:

Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Student will use appropriate statistical methods to collect, organize, display, and analyze
relevant data.
• Apply graphical methods of displaying data.
• Construct frequency distributions , histograms and box-and-whisker plots.
• Read and analyze the data in graphical form.
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Probability and Counting Rules:

Students will apply basic concepts of probability.
• Calculate combinations and permutations.
• Apply the rules of probability (addition, conditional, multiplication).
• Apply the terms of probability (mutually exclusive, independent, and dependent)
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Discrete Probability Distributions

Students will apply concepts of various probability distributions to find probabilities.
• Use probability distribution for discrete random variables (general, binomial, hypergeometric, poisson).
Construct probability distribution for discrete random variables (general, binomial, hypergeometric, poisson, )
The Normal Distribution
Students will apply concepts of the normal distribution to find probability.
• Use a normal distribution and read a normal distribution.
Apply the central limit theorem.
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

• Confidence Intervals
• Students will make estimations for a mean, variance, standard deviation and proportions.
• Calculate estimations.
Testing of hypothesis
• Students will make hypothesis and test these hypothesis by different test statistics
• Reach to conclusion
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

• TEXTBOOK:
Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists by Walepole
Reference books:
Probability and statistics by Murray R. Speigel
Advanced Engineering mathematics by E. Kreyszig
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS:

• Course Objectives:
• Create understanding of analyzing any data set
• Make use of probability theory
• Discuss different discrete and continues probability distributions
 STATISTICS

• The word “Statistics” comes from Latin word ‘status’ meaning political state originally meant
information useful to the state.
• The word statistics has different definitions:
• In the first place ,the statistic refers to numerical facts systematically arranged such as: statistics
of prices, statistics of road accidents etc.
• In the second place the word statistics is defined as a discipline that includes procedures and
techniques used to collect ,process and analysis numerical data to make inferences and to reach
decisions.
• Thirdly the word statistics are numerical quantities calculated from sample observations.
 BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

Branches of statistics
Descriptive
Inferential
statistics
Statistics

Deals with procedure, Methods concerned

Deals with procedures for
with Summarization and important aspects
making inferences about the
of numerical data
characteristics of population
STATISTICAL TERMINOLOGIES

• POPULATION: A population is a collection or set of possible observation whether finite

or infinite relevant to some characteristics of interest. The number of observations in a
finite population is called size of the population
• For example height of all collage students , the set of all rabbits in the country is our
population.
• SAMPLE: A sample is a part or subset of a population.the number of observations in a
sample is called size of sample. For example the set of 50 rabbits is our sample.
STATISTICAL TERMINOLOGIES:

• PARAMETER: A numerical quantity computed from a population if the entire

population is available. Parameter are fixed and constant quantities. For example the
proportion of female rabbits in the population is our parameter.

• Statistic: A numerical quantity computed from a sample is called statistic.For example

the proportion of the female rabbits in the sample of rabbits is a statistic.
IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS:

• Statistics assists in summarizing the large set of data in easily understandable form.
• Statistics help in the efficient design of laboratory and field experiments as well as
survey.
• Statistics assists in a sound planning in any field of inquiry.
• Statistics helps in making prediction of any event under given conditions.
• Statistical techniques being powerful tools for analysing numerical data.
DATA AND ITS TYPES:

• DATA: Collection of raw facts and figures is called data.for example data about
population size collected through census.
• Types of data:
• Primary Data: Raw data which has just been collected from the source and has not
undergone any kind of statistical treatment.such as data collected through questionnaire.
• Secondary Data: The data which has already been collected by some one and has
undergone a statistical treatment.Such as publication of statistical division.
VARIABLE ,TYPES OF VARIABLE

• Variable: A Characteristic that varies with an individual to individual or an object to object in a

population is called a variable. For example plant height,eye colour , age of a person etc.
• Types of Variable:
• Quantitative Variable: A quantitative variable is one capable of assuming numerical value.For
example height of plants ,number of students,income of a person etc.
• Qualitative Variable or Categorical variable:A qualitative is one which is not capable of taking
numerical measurements.An observation is made when an individual is allocated to one of several
mutually exclusive categories.For example Gender(male or female),general
knowledge(poor,moderate,good) etc.
VARIABLE, TYPES OF VARIABLE

• A quantitative variable may be classified into two types:

• Discrete variable:A discrete variable is one that can take only a discrete set of integers or
whole number .For example the number of person in a family,the number of rooms in a
house etc.
• Continuous variable: A continuous variable is the one that take on any value in a
fractional or integer within a given interval. For example the age of a person,the height of
a plant temperature at a place etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

• Classifaction:The classification is defined as the process of dividing a set of observations

or data into classes or groups in such as way that:
 Observations or data in the same class or group are similar.
 Observations or data in each class or group are dissimilar to observations or data in other
class or group.
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

• Data can be classified according to criteria which are as follows:

• One-way classification: When the data are sorted according to one criterion only is
called a simple classification or a one-way classification.
• Two-way classification: When the data are sorted according to two criteria is called two-
way classification.
• Manifold classification: When the data are sorted according to several criteria is called
manifold classification or cross classification.
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

Data may also be classified according to characteristics such as:

• Qualitative classification: Data are classified on the basis of some attributes or quality such as gender, hair
color literacy etc.
• Quantitative classification: Data are classified according to some characteristics which can be measured such
as height, weight, income , profits etc.
• Chronological classification: Data are classified on the basis of occurrence of time such as months ,years etc.
• Geographical classification: when the data are classified on the basis of location or areas it is called
geographical classification.For example Classification of production of food grains in different villages of
Punjab.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND ITS DIFFERENT
TERMINOLOGIES
Frequency Distribution: The organization of a set of data in a table showing the distribution of the
data into classes or groups with the number of observations in each class or group is called frequency
distribution.
Frequency: The number of observations falling in each class or groups is called frequency and is
denoted by f.
Class limits: The class limits are defined as the numbers or the values of the variables which
describe the classes. The smaller number is the lower-class limit and the larger number is the upper
class limit.
Such as 10- 14 ,15-19,20-24 etc.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND ITS
TERMINOLOGIES
• Class Boundaries: A class-boundary is located midway numbers between the upper limit
of a class and the lower limit of the next higher class. Such as 9.5-14.5,14.5-19.5,19.5-
24.5or also 9.95-14.45, 14.45-19.45,19.45-2.45 etc.
• Class Width: The class width or interval of a class is equal to the differences between the
class boundaries. It can also be obtained by finding the difference either between two
successive lower limits or two successive upper-class limits. Its is denoted by h.