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5 Quantitative Data Collection Techniques

This document discusses quantitative data collection techniques including observation, surveys, experiments, and content analysis. It describes direct and indirect observation, questionnaires, interviews, and experimental designs. It also outlines scales of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales as well as discrete and continuous quantitative data. Quantitative data is numerical, measurable, and relates to a metric system. Common techniques to collect it include observation, surveys, experiments, and content analysis.

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217 views

5 Quantitative Data Collection Techniques

This document discusses quantitative data collection techniques including observation, surveys, experiments, and content analysis. It describes direct and indirect observation, questionnaires, interviews, and experimental designs. It also outlines scales of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales as well as discrete and continuous quantitative data. Quantitative data is numerical, measurable, and relates to a metric system. Common techniques to collect it include observation, surveys, experiments, and content analysis.

Uploaded by

younggirldavid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quantitative Data

Collection Techniques

April Joy B.
Tumabotabo
data – are pieces of information or facts known by people

QUANTITATIVE DATA – are


measurable, numerical, and related to a
metrical system.
Techniques in Collecting Quantitative
Data
1. OBSERVATION - gathering of facts or
information about people, things, places,
events by using the senses.

a. DIRECT OBSERVATION – seeing,


touching, and hearing the sources of data personally.

b. INDIRECT OBSERVATION – seeing and


hearing by means of technological and electronic
gadgets.
2. SURVEY – obtaining facts or information
about the subject or object of research through
data-gathering instruments of interview and
questionnaire.

- most popular data gathering technique in


both quantitative and qualitative researches.
QUESTIONNAIRE – a paper containing a
series of questions formulated for an individual
and independent answering by several
respondents for obtaining statistical
information.

- good for collecting data from a large number


of respondents situated in different places.
INTERVIEW – asks questions
orally either face-to-face or by
using modern electronic devices.
Order of Interview Questions

• First set of questions – opening questions to establish friendly relationships.

• Second set of questions – generative questions to encourage open-ended


questions.

• Third set of questions – directive or close-ended questions to elicit specific


answers.

• Fourth set of questions – ending questions that give the respondents the
chance to air their satisfaction, wants , likes, dislikes, reactions, or
comments about the interview.
Guidelines in Formulating Interview Questions
a. Use clear and simple language.
b. Avoid using acronyms, abbreviations, high jargons
c. Let one question elicit only one another; no double-barrel
question
d. Express point in exact, specific, bias-free, and gender-free
language.
e. Give way to how your respondents want themselves to be
identified.
f. Establish continuity or free-flow of the respondents’
thoughts by using appropriate follow-up questions
g. Ask questions in a sequential manner.
3. EXPERIMENT – a scientific method of
collecting data by giving the subjects a sort of
treatment or condition then evaluate the results
to find out the manner by which the treatment
affects the subject.
- aims at manipulating or controlling
conditions to show which condition or
treatment has effects on the subjects and to
determine how much condition or treatment
operates or functions to yield a certain outcome
MULTIPLE TREATMENTS - dealing with
or treating communicative skills in two or
more modes of communication.

4. CONTENT ANALYSIS – searching through


several oral or written forms of
communication to find answers to research
questions.
Two Categories of Scales of Measurement
A. QUALITATIVE SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
1. nominal
2. ordinal

B. QUANTITATIVE SCALES OF MEASUREMENT


1. interval
2. ratio
NOMINAL SCALE
           - categories are nominated names (hence “nominal”).
- no inherent order between categories. Put simply, one cannot
say that a particular category is superior/ better than another.

Examples:
Gender (Male/ Female):- One cannot say that Males are better than
Females, or vice-versa.
Blood Groups (A/B/O/AB):- One cannot say that group A is superior
to group O, for instance.
Religion (Hindu/ Muslim/ Christian/ Buddhist, etc.):- Here, too,
the categories cannot be arranged in a logical order. Each category
can only be considered as equal to the other.
ORDINAL SCALE:
          - categories can be logically arranged in a meaningful order.
However, the difference between the categories is not
“meaningful”.

Examples:
Ranks (1st/ 2nd/ 3rd, etc.): The ranks can be arranged in either
ascending or descending order without difficulty. However, the
difference between ranks is not the same-the difference between the
1st rank and 2nd rank may be 20 units, but that between the 2nd
and 3rd ranks may be 3 units. In addition, it is not possible to say
that the 1st rank is x times better than the 2nd or 3rd rank purely on
the basis of the ranks.
Ranks (Good/ Better/ Best), (No pain/ Mild pain/
Moderate pain/ Severe pain): Here, too, a meaningful
arrangement (ordering) is possible, but the difference
between the categories is subjective and not uniform.
“Best” is not necessarily thrice as good as “Good”; or
twice as good as “Better”.

Likert scale (Strongly Disagree/ Disagree/ Neutral/


Agree/ Strongly Agree) : The ordering is flexible- the
order can easily be reversed without affecting the
interpretation- (Strongly Agree/ Agree/ Neutral/ Disagree/
Strongly Disagree). Again, the difference between
categories is not uniform.
INTERVAL SCALE:
                   - values (not categories) can be ordered and
have a meaningful difference, but doubling is not
meaningful. This is because of the absence of an
“absolute zero”.

Example: The Celsius scale: The difference between


40 C and 50 C is the same as that between 20 C and 30
C (meaningful difference = equidistant). Besides, 50 C
is hotter than 40 C (order). However, 20 C is not half as
hot as 40 C and vice versa (doubling is not meaningful).
Meaningful difference: In the Celsius scale, the
difference between each unit is the same anywhere on
the scale- the difference between 49 C and 50 C is the
same as the difference between any two consecutive
values on the scale ( 1 unit).[Thus, (2-1)= (23-22)= (40-
39)=(99-98)= 1].
RATIO SCALE:
                      - values can be ordered, have a meaningful difference,
and doubling is also meaningful. There is an “absolute zero”.

Examples:
The Kelvin scale: 100 K is twice as hot as 50 K; the difference
between values is meaningful and can be ordered.
Weight: 100 kg is twice as heavy as 50 kg; the difference between
45 kg and 55 kg is the same as that between 105 kg and 100 kg;
values can be arranged in an order (ascending/ descending).
Height: 100 cm is taller than 50 cm; this difference is the same as
that between 150 cm and 100 cm, or 200 cm and 150 cm; 100 cm is
twice as tall as 50 cm; the values can be arranged in a particular
manner (ascending/ descending).
In addition, quantitative data may also be classified as being either
Discrete or Continuous.

DISCRETE:
            - values can be specific numbers only. Fractions are
meaningless. In some situations, mathematical functions are not
possible, too.

Examples:
Number of children: 1, 2, 3, etc. are possible, but 1.5 children is
not meaningful.
Number of votes: 100, 102, etc. are meaningful, not 110.2 votes.
Driving license number/ Voter ID number/ PAN number: The
number is a discrete value, but cannot be used for addition or
subtraction, etc.
        - any numerical value (including fractions) is possible and
meaningful.
Examples:
Weight: 1 kg,  1.0 kg,   1.000 kg,   1.00001 kg are all meaningful.
The level of precision depends upon the equipment used to measure
weight.
Height: 10 m, 10.03 m, 10.0005 m are all meaningful.
Temperature: 100.0 F, 102.5 F, 99.8 F are all meaningful.
Time: 1.023 s, 1.00002 s, are meaningful. Mathematical functions
(addition, subtraction, etc. are meaningful).

Most of the numerical data we use is continuous. As you might have


noticed by now, the Ratio scale often involves continuous data .
[Temperature is an exception, unless the Kelvin scale is being used].
 
THANK YOU!

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