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Chapter 3 - Magnetically Coupled Circuits

This document discusses mutual inductance and ideal transformers. It describes how mutual inductance causes one inductor to induce a voltage in a neighboring inductor based on their proximity and interlinking magnetic fluxes. An ideal transformer is defined as a unity-coupled, lossless device where the voltage and current ratios between the primary and secondary windings are determined by their respective turn ratios. The document also outlines how to analyze circuits containing ideal transformers by reflecting impedances and sources from one winding to the other.

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anderson
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
285 views

Chapter 3 - Magnetically Coupled Circuits

This document discusses mutual inductance and ideal transformers. It describes how mutual inductance causes one inductor to induce a voltage in a neighboring inductor based on their proximity and interlinking magnetic fluxes. An ideal transformer is defined as a unity-coupled, lossless device where the voltage and current ratios between the primary and secondary windings are determined by their respective turn ratios. The document also outlines how to analyze circuits containing ideal transformers by reflecting impedances and sources from one winding to the other.

Uploaded by

anderson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 1

EEE102
POWER NETWORKS
12/15/2020 Chapter 13 – Magnetically Coupled Circuits
13.2 Mutual Inductance
2

 Mutual inductance is the


ability of one inductor to
induce a voltage across a
neighboring inductor,
measured in henrys (H).
 Consider a single inductor, a coil with N turns. When
current, i flows through the coil, a magnetic flux, ø is
produced around it. Any change in flux is caused by a
change in current.
 Hence, the inductance of the inductor, called self
d
inductance, is given by: LN
di
EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020
13.2 Mutual Inductance
3

 If two coils with self-inductances L1 and L2 are in


close proximity with each other, then although they
may be physically separated from each other they
are said to be magnetically coupled because of the
interlinking of magnetic fluxes generated by each
coil called mutual flux.

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020


13.2 Mutual Inductance
4

 The interlinking of magnetic fluxes causes mutual


inductance between the two coils. Because of the
rate of change of current and the mutual inductance
between the two coils, mutual voltage (or induced
voltage) across the two coils can be defined as:
di2 di1
v1  M v2  M
dt dt

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020


13.2 Mutual Inductance
5

 Although mutual inductance M is always a positive quantity, the mutual


voltage M di/dt may be negative or positive and is not easily determined
because four terminals are involved.
 The choice of the correct polarity is made by examining the orientation or
particular
way in which both coils
are physically wound and
applying Lenz’s law in
conjunction with the
right-hand rule.
 Since it is inconvenient to
show the construction
details on a circuit
schematic, we apply the dot convention.

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020


13.2 Mutual Inductance
6

 If current enters the dotted terminal of


one coil, the reference polarity of the
mutual voltage in the second coil is
positive at the dotted terminal of the
second coil.
 If the current leaves the dotted terminal
of one coil, the reference polarity of the
mutual voltage in the second coil is
negative at the dotted terminal of the
second coil.
EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020
13.2 Mutual Inductance
7

 For coupled coils in series, the total inductance is:


L  L1  L2  2M L  L1  L2  2M
Series-aiding connection Series-opposing
connection

 PP 13.1, 13.2

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020


13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
8

 The instantaneous energy stored in the circuit is:


1 2 1 2
w  L1i1  L2i2  Mi1i2
2 2

 The energy stored in the circuit cannot be negative


because the circuit is passive.
 This also means that the mutual inductance cannot
be greater than the geometric mean of the coils.
That is:
M  L1 L2

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020


13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
9

 The coupling coefficient, k is the M


k
measure of the magnetic coupling L1 L2
between the two coils.
 If the entire flux produced by one
coil links another coil, then k = 1
and we have 100 percent coupling,
or the coils are said to be perfectly
coupled.
 For k < 0.5, coils are said to be loosely coupled. And for k >
0.5, coils are said to be tightly coupled.
 PP 13.3
EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020
13.5 Ideal Transformers
10

 An ideal transformer is a
unity-coupled (k =1), lossless
transformer in which the primary and
secondary coils have infinite
self-inductances.
 The figure beside shows a typical
ideal transformer; the primary winding has N 1 turns
and the secondary winding has N2 turns.

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020


13.5 Ideal Transformers
11

 The turns ratio of the transformer is given as the ratio of


primary and secondary values of currents and voltages and
they are related as such:
N 2 V2 I1
  n
N1 V1 I 2
 Conversely, for the reason of power conservation, the energy
supplied to the primary must equal the energy absorbed by the
secondary, since there are no losses in an ideal transformer,
implying: v1i1  v2i2

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020


13.5 Ideal Transformers
12

 When n = 1, we generally call the transformer an isolation


transformer.
 If n > 1, we have a step-up transformer, as the voltage is increased
from primary to secondary (V2 > V1).
 If n < 1, the transformer is a step-down transformer, since the
voltage is decreased from primary to secondary (V 2 < V1).
 Power companies often generate at some convenient voltage and use
a step-up transformer to increase the voltage so that power can be
transmitted at very high voltage and low current over transmission
lines, resulting in significant cost savings (lower power losses).
 Near residential consumer premises, step-down transformers are
used to bring the voltage down to 120 V.

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020


13.5 Ideal Transformers
13

 If the polarity of V1 or V2 or the direction


of I1 or I2 is changed, n may need to be
replaced by –n.
 Two rules apply:
 If V1 and V2 are both positive or both
negative at the dotted terminals, use +n.
Otherwise, use –n.
 If I1 and I2 both enter into or both leave the
dotted terminals, use –n. Otherwise, use +n.

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020


13.5 Ideal Transformers
14

 The complex power in the primary winding is:


S1  V1 I *1 V2 I 2*  S 2
 In analyzing a circuit containing an ideal transformer, it is common practice to eliminate
the transformer by reflecting impedances and sources from one side of the transformer to
the other.
 For reflecting secondary to primary:
Divide the secondary impedance by n2, divide
the secondary voltage by n, and multiply the
secondary current by n.
 For reflecting primary to secondary:
Multiply the primary impedance by n2, multiply
the primary voltage by n, and divide the
primary current by n.
 This reflective approach only applies if there
are no external connections between the primary
and secondary windings

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020


References
15

 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 4th Edition –


Alexander Sadiku, McGraw Hill.

EEE3183 – Circuits and Signals 2 12/15/2020

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