ENGINEERING

MECHANICS

T.PARAMESH
Department of Mechanical
engineering

1
Engineering mechanics can be divided into two main groups

1. Statics

2. Dynamics
Dynamics can divided into two
types

 Kinematics

 kinetics
Specification of force

 Magnitude
 Direction
 Point of application
 Nature
System of Forces: Several forces acting simultaneously upon a
body

System of
Forces

Non-
Coplanar
coplanar
2D
3D

Concurrent Non- Non-

Concurrent
concurren concurren
t t

Parallel General Parallel General

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System of
Forces 2D

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System of
Forces 3D

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 Method of approach to solve CONCURRENT and NON CONCURRENT FORCE Systems

Problem

2-D 3-D

Concurrent Non-concurrent Concurrent Non Concurrent

Not equilibrium Equilibrium

Not Equilibrium Equilibrium Not Equilibrium Equilibrium Not Equilibrium Equilibrium
(Resultant) (Unknowns)
(Resultant) (Unknowns) (Resultant) (Unknowns) (Resultant) (Unknowns)

--- --- --- -- R

1.Parallelogram Law Fx=0 ΣFx=0 = F1+F2+F3
1.Choose a reference --- --- --- -- -- --
Point ΣFy=0 R= 0 R= F1+F2+F3…. --- ---
2. Triangle law
--- --- --- --- R= 0
3. Polygon law Fy=0 2.Shift all the forces ΣMz=0 --- --- -- M = M1+M2+M3....
to a point -- F1+F2+F3,,= ---
4.Method of 0 --- ---
projections 3.Find the resultant --- M
force and couple at rOPͯ R = M =0
ΣFx=0
that point ΣFx=0 , ΣMx=0
ΣFy=0
4.Reduce the force- ΣFy=0, ΣMy=0
couple system to a ΣFz=0,
ΣFz=0, ΣMz=0
single force

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Method of approach to solve Coplanar (2D) problems

Problem

2-D

Concurrent Non-concurrent

Not Equilibrium Equilibrium

Not Equilibrium Equilibrium (Resultant)
(Resultant)
(Unknowns)
(Unknowns)

1. Parallelogram Law 1.Choose a reference Point ΣFx=0

2. Triangle law 2. Shift all the forces to a point
Fx=0 ΣFy=0
3. Polygon law 3.Find the resultant force and
Fy= couple at that point ΣMz=0
4. Method of projections
0 4.Reduce the force-couple
system to a single force

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 Problem
Determine the resultant of the following figure

Problem – 2D- Concurrent - Resultant

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Problem solution
Force
 Mag x  comp y  comp
F1 150 150 cos 30 150Sin30

F2 80  80 sin 20  80Cos20

F3 110 0 110

F4 100 100 cos15 100 sin15
F x  199.1  F  14.3 y

2
Resultant is R  2
 F X
  FY
R  199.12 14.32

Direction is
R
199.6N
14.3 N
tan   199.1N
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  4.1 8
Problem
The resultant of the four concurrent forces as shown in Fig acts
along Y-axis and is equal to 300N. Determine the forces P and
Q.

 F x
 0

F y
 R  300N

Problem – 2D- Concurrent - Resultant

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Problem solution
Force
 Mag x  comp y  comp
F1 800 800 0

F2 380  380 0

F3 Q  QSin45  QCos4
 5
F4 P  PSin5  PCos5
0 0

 F x
 0 F x
 800  380  QSin45  P sin 50 
0
F y
 R  300N
F y
 QCos45  PCos50  R 
300
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Pro
ble
Determine the resultant of the following figure
m

Problem – 2D- Non Concurrent - Resultant

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Resultant of General forces in a plane –
Coplanar non-concurrent
Step 1: Choose a reference point
Step 2: Shift all the forces to a point

Step 3: Find the resultant force Step 4: Reduce resultant force

and moment of forces about COopyright 2014 M K Chaitanya
and moment to a single force 12
 Resultant – Non-concurrent general forces in a plane

Problem solution:
Step:1: Choose A as reference Point Step:2: Shift all forces to point A

Step 3: Find resultant force and couple Step:4: Reduce it to a single force

x = 1880/600
x = 3.13m

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 Determine the resultant of the following
figure
Problem

Problem – 2D- Non Concurrent - Resultant

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 Resultant – Non-concurrent general forces in a plane

Problem solution
Determine the resultant force of the non-concurrent forces as shown in
Example:
plate and distance of the resultant force from point ‘O’.

Step:1 Step:2

Step:3 Step:4

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Pro
ble Find tension in the string and reaction at B

Problem – 2D - Concurrent - Equilibrium

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EQUATIONS OF
EQUILIBRIUM

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Types of supports and reaction
forces (2D)

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 Find T, Rb FBD of C
Problem solution
W=30N

Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces are concurrent ……

∑FX=0; Rb - T Cos600 = 0 1 T= 34.64N

∑FY=0; T Sin600 – W= 0 2 Rb = 17.32N

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Pro
ble Find the reactions at A,B,C,D AND at F, Given W=100N

Problem – 2D - Concurrent - Equilibrium

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W=100N
Find Ra, Rb and Rc

Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces are

concurrent ……

∑FX=0; Rf Cos600 - Rc Sin600 = 0 ………1

∑FY=0; Rf Sin600 + Rc Cos600 - W(100) = 0… 2

Rf=86.6N
Rc=50N

Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces are

concurrent ……

∑FX=0; -Rb sin600 - Rf Cos600 + Ra = 0 1

∑FY=0; Rb Cos600 - Rf Sin600 – W = 0… 2

Rb = 350N
T.Rajasanthosh kumar Ra = 346.4N 21
Pro
ble Find T1, T2 , T3 and θ

Problem – 2D - Concurrent - Equilibrium

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Pro
ble Find T1, T2 , T3 and θ

Problem solution:

FBD of A FBD of B

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 m
solutio Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces are

n
concurrent ……

FBD of A ∑FX=0; T2 – T1Sin 350 = 0 1 T1=48.8N

∑FY=0; T1 Cos350 - W(40N) = 0… 2 T2=28.0N

Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces are

concurrent ……

∑FX=0; -T2 + T3Sin θ0 = 0 1

T3=57.3N
FBD of B
∑FY=0; T3 Cos θ0 - W(50N) = 0 2
θ=29.3
N

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Types of supports and reaction forces
(2D)

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 Determine the reactions at A and B

Problem

Problem – 2D - Non Concurrent - Equilibrium

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m
solutio
n

Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces are general

forces then……

∑FX=0; Rax = 0 1
Rby=30N
∑FY=0; Ray + Rby - 40 = 0… 2
Ray=10N
∑MA=0; (Rby*L) – 40*(3L/4) = 0……3 Rax=0N

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 A man raises a 10 kg joist, of length 4 m, by pulling on a rope. Find
Problem the tension in the rope and the reaction at A.

Since the body is in equilibrium then…….

Tc=82N
∑FX=0; Rx – Tc*Cos200= 0 1
Rx=77.1N
∑FY=0; Ry - Tc* Sin200 - W(98.1) = 0… 2
Ry=126.14N
∑MA=0; -(W*L/2) + (Tc*Cos200*4Sin450) –(Tc*Sin200*4*Cos450) = 0……3

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Problem Determine the reaction at C and the reaction at E, Given P=200N

From the freebody diagram of AB .Since the body is in equilibrium then…… ……

∑FX=0; Rx + P*Cos300= 0 1
RC=150N
∑FY=0; Ry + Rc- PSin300 = 0… 2

∑MA=0; (Rc* 2.44) - (PSin300* 3.66) = 0… 3

CONTINUES…….
.
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From the freebody diagram of DE .Since the body is in equilibrium then…… ……

∑FX=0; Rx - RE Sin600= 0 1
RE=100N
∑FY=0; Ry – RC+ RECos600 = 0… 2

∑MD=0; (RC*1.22) - (RECos600 * 3.66) = 0… 3

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 A roller weighting 2000N rests on a inclined bar weighting 800N as

Problem
shown in Fig. Assuming the weight of bar negligible, determine the
reactions at D and C and reaction in bar AB.

Problem – 2D – (Both Concurrent & Non Concurrent

- Equilibrium)

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Problem FBD of Figure

Concurrent

Non Concurrent

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Problem
Equilibrium of Concurrent force system

From the free body diagram of ball .Since the body is in equilibrium then…… ……

∑FX=0; R1 – R2*Sin300= 0 1
R1=1154.7N
∑FY=0; R2 *Cos300 -2000 = 0… 2
R2=2309.4N

CONTINUES…….
.

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Problem
Equilibrium of Non Concurrent force system

From the freed body diagram of ROD .Since the body is in equilibrium then…… ……

∑FX=0; -Hc + R2*Sin300= 0 1

Hc=1154.7N
∑FY=0; RD + Vc -R2*Cos300 - 800 = 0… 2
Vc=1333.3N
∑MC=0; (RD* 5 Cos300) - (800* 2.5 Cos 300) - R2*2 = 0… 3
RD=1466.7N

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solve NON COPLANAR (3D)
STATIC problems Problem

3-D

Concurrent Non Concurrent

Not equilibrium Equilibrium

Not Equilibrium Equilibrium
(Resultant)
(Resultant)
(Unknowns)
--- --- (Unknowns)
--- --- --- -- R= 0 --- -- -- --
R = F1+F2+F3…… R= F1+F2+F3…. --- ---
--- --- -- R= 0
-- F1+F2+F3….= --- --- --- ---
0 M = M1+M2+M3....
---
--- --- M
ΣFx=0 =0
ΣFy=0 --- ΣFx=0 , ΣMx=0
rOPͯ R = M
ΣFy=0, ΣMy=0
ΣFz=0,
ΣFz=0,
T.Rajasanthosh kumar ΣMz=0 39
Resultant of Concurrent Forces In 3D

R  FA B  FA C  FA D
 

R  F AB
.  AB
 F AC
.  AC
 F AD
. 
AB
AB AC
 F AC .  F AD
R  F AB
. AD .
AB AC
AD
R   Fx i +  Fy j +  Fz
k cos  x  RF x


cos  y

 RF y
  Fz
T.Rajasanthosh kumar cos  z
R 40
Problem Determine the Resultant acting at A

Problem – 3D- Concurrent - Resultant

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Example:1 Determine the Resultant acting at A

R  F ab  Fac

F ab  F AB .
{-2i - 6 j  3 k}
F a b  A8B4 0 * .
(-2)2  (  62 )  32

F ac  F AC . 
{3i - 6 j 2 k}
F a c  A4C2 0 *
(3)2  (62 ) 
22
R  F ab  F ac R  - 60i -1080j 
480k
Magnitude of Resultant is  (-60)2  (10802 )  4802 
1183.3N
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 R  - 60i -1080j 
480k
Magnitude of Resultant is

 (-60)2  (10802 )  4802 

1183.3N

 60 
 1183.3 ;
x x
Cos 930
y  1080 ;

1183.3  155.80
y

 z  480
1183.3 ; z
 66 0

Cos
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Resultant of Concurrent Forces In 3D

r OP R 
M O

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Problem
Determine the Resultant non concurrent of the
forces (3D)

Problem – 3D- Non Concurrent - Resultant

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Transfer all forces about O to get a
force and couple system

R   F  500k - 300k  200k -

50k R  350k

M O
 ( r O A   5 0 k )  ( r O B  20 0 k )  ( r OC
  30 0 k )

M O
 ((0 .35 j  0 .5 i)   5 0 k )  (0.5 i  20 0 k )  ( 0 .35 j 
 30 0 k )

M O
 87 .5 i - 125j T.Rajasanthosh kumar
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Reduce the force couple system to a single
force
(x i  y j  z k)  (350k)  87.5i -125j

r R
x OP0.375m,
M y  0.25m
O

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Problem
Given: A 1500N plate, as shown, is supported
by three cables and is in equilibrium.
Find: Tension in each of the cables.

Problem – 3D- Concurrent - Equilibrium

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Equilibrium of 3D concurrent
forces

--- ---
R= 0
--- --- --
-- F1+F2+F3….=
0
ΣFx=0
ΣFy=0

ΣFz=0,

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 y
W
FBD of Point A:

z FAD
FAB FAC

The particle A is in equilibrium,

hence

FA  FAC  FAD  W 
B 0
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F AB 
F AB
.
 

AB {-6i - 12 j  4 k}
F AB  F AB * .
(-6)2  (12 2 )  42

F AC  F AC . 
{-4i - 1 2 j  6 k }
F AC  F
AC A C *
(-4) 2  (  1 2 2 ) 

(6)2
F AD  F AD . 
{6i - 12 j  4 k}
F AD  F
AD A D *
(6) 2  (  1 2 2 ) 
(4)2
W 1500j
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 FA  FAC  FAD  W 
B 0

Solving the three simultaneous equations gives

= 858 N
FAB
= 0N
= 858
FAC N

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Problem
Example – 3D
Equilibrium
Three cables are used to tether a balloon as shown. Determine the
vertical force P exerted by the balloon at A knowing that the tension in
cable AB is 60 N.

y
P

x
z FAD
FAB FAC

FA  FA  FA  P 
B C
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D 0 53
Types of supports and reaction
forces (3D)

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Types of supports and reaction
forces (3D)

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Problem
Given: Determine the reaction in the string CD and reactions at B. A ball and socket
joint at A

Problem – 3D- Non Concurrent - Equilibrium

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Equilibrium of 3D Non concurrent
forces --- ---
R= 0
--- --- -- --
F1+F2+F3….= 0

--- ---
M= 0
--- --- -- --
M1+M2+M3….= 0

ΣFx=0 , ΣMx=0
ΣFy=0, ΣMy=0
ΣFz=0,
ΣMz=0
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Problem Solution

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M A
0

(r 1  T CD )  ( r 2  2i)  ( r 3  ( B y j  B z k )  0
(6 j- 3k) CD
 (6 j  2.5k)  2i  (6 j  4.5i) y j  B z k)  0
T CD
CD
(B
T C D  2.83kN
B Y  4.06kN
B Z  0.417kN
A X  3.05kN
AY  1.556kN
AZ 
1.250kN

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References
• Engg. Mechanics ,Timoshenko & Young.
• 2.Engg. Mechanics, R.K. Bansal , Laxmi publications
• 3.Engineering Mechanics,Fedinand.L.Singer , Harper – Collins.
• 4. Engineering Mechanics statics and dynamics, A Nelson, Mc Gra Hill publications
• 5. Engg. Mechanics Umesh Regl, Tayal.
• 6. Engineering Mechanics by N H Dubey
• 7. Engineering Mechanics , statics – J.L.Meriam, 6th Edn – Wiley India Pvt Ltd.
• 8. Engineering Mechanics , dynamics – J.L.Meriam, 6th Edn – Wiley India Pvt Ltd.
• 9. Mechanics For Engineers , statics - F.P.Beer & E.R.Johnston 5th Edn Mc Graw Hill
Publ.
• 10.Mechanics For Engineers, dynamics - F.P.Beer & E.R.Johnston – 5th Edn Mc
Graw Hill Publ.
• 11. www.google.com
• 12. http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/

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THANK
YOU

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