TRIANGLES

CHAPTER : 6
TEACHER: DEVAJAYA GHOSH
CONGRUENT FIGURES ( having exactly same size and shape i.e. one
figure is the mirror image of the other)
EXAMPLES
1.two line segments of length 5 cm
2.two circles of radii 4 cm
3. two equilateral triangles of side 3cm
SIMILAR FIGURES :

two concentric circles

concentric equilateral triangles

concentric squares
Similar polygons : Two polygons of the same number of sides are
similar , if
i) their corresponding angles are equal &
ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio( or proportion)
1. Fill in the blanks using correct word given in the brackets:-

(i) All circles are __________. (congruent, similar)

(ii) All squares are __________. (similar, congruent)

(iii) All __________ triangles are similar. (isosceles, equilateral)

(iv) Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (a) their
corresponding angles are __________ and (b) their corresponding sides
are __________. (equal, proportional)
2. Give two different examples of pair of
(i) Similar figures
(ii) Non-similar figures

Solution:
Similarity of triangles:
Two triangles are similar, if
i) their corresponding angles are equal and
ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion )

The ratio of any two corresponding sides in two equiangular

triangles is always the same
  
BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM ( BPT )


If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the

other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in
the same ratio.
Given: In ∆ABC , DE // BC
To prove: =
Construction : join BE & CD
draw EN ⊥AB & DM ⊥ AC
  
= = ……………1

Proof:

= = ……………2
ar ( BDE ) = ar ( DEC ) [ ∆s on the same base & between the
same //s have equal areas ]………3
thus from 1 , 2 & 3 we get
= proved
  
CONVERSE

BPT: If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same
ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side .
Given : In ∆ ABC , =
To prove : DE// BC
Proof : If possible let DE be not parallel to BC
then there must be another line // to BC
so let DE' // BC
then , = [ by BPT ] …………..1
= [ given ]……………2
from 1 & 2 we get , =
  

+1 = + 1 [ adding 1 to both the sides ]

=
=
EC = E'C
this is possible only when E & E' coincide
thus DE //BC proved
1. In fig . 6.17 , (i) & (ii) DE // BC . Find EC in (i) & AD in (ii)
  
soln: (i) = [by BPT]  

= ii) = [ by BPT ]
0.5 EC=1 =
EC=1
EC= 2cm AD = x 7.2

AD = x 7.2
AD= 2.4 cm
2. E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of a ΔPQR. For
each of the following cases, state whether EF || QR.
(i) PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm and FR = 2.4 cm
(ii) PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm and RF = 9 cm
(iii) PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.63 cm
  
soln (i) = = 1.3 cm


= = = 1.5 cm
as so EF is not parallel to QR
ii)

 
= = =
=
as = so EF // QR [by converse BPT ]
  
iii) = = =
= = =
as so EF // QR [ by converse BPT ]
3 .  In figure, if LM || CB and LN || CD, prove that


Proof : In ∆ ABC , LM // CB
= (by BPT ) ………….1

In ∆ ADC , LN // CD
(by BPT ) ………….2

from 1 & 2 we get

proved
  
4 . In the figure, DE||AC and DF||AE. Prove that

: Proof : In ∆ ABC , DE // AC
(by BPT ) ………….1

In ∆ ABE , DF // AE
(by BPT ) ………….2

from 1 & 2 we get

proved
 5. In the figure, DE //OQ and DF //OR, show that EF// QR

 
Proof : In ∆ POQ , DE // OQ
(by BPT ) ………….1

In ∆ POR , DF// OR
(by BPT ) ………….2

from 1 & 2 we get

Thus EF// QR [ by converse BPT ]

  6. In the figure, A, B and C are points on OP, OQ and OR respectively such
that AB || PQ and AC || PR. Show that BC || QR.
 
Proof : In ∆ POQ , AB // PQ
(by BPT ) ………….1

In ∆ POR , AC// PR
(by BPT ) ………….2

from 1 & 2 we get

Thus BC// QR [ by converse BPT ]

8.Using Converse of basic proportionality theorem, prove that the line
joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third
side. (Recall that you have done it in Class IX).
 
Given: In ∆ABC , D & E are midpoints of
sides AB & AC respectively
To prove: DE // BC
Proof : = 1 [ as D is the mid point of AB ]
= 1 [ as E is the mid point of AC ]
⇒=
thus DE //BC [ by converse BPT ]
 7.Using Basic proportionality theorem, prove that a line drawn through the
mid-points of one side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third
side. (Recall that you have proved it in Class IX).
 
Given: In ∆ABC , D is the midpoint of AB ,DE//BC
To prove: E is the midpoint of AC [ AE = EC ]
Proof : = 1 [ as D is the mid point of AB ………….1
DE //BC
⇒ = [ by BPT ]……………….2
from 1 & 2 we get,
1=
AE = EC Thus DE bisects AC
  
9. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other
at the point O. Show that =
soln :
construction : draw EO // DC
 
Proof : In ∆ ADC, EO//DC [by const.]
= [by BPT ] ……………….1
In ∆ ADB, EO//DC[by const.]
AB//DC [given ]
EO//AB
⇒ = [by BPT ] ……………….2
from 1 & 2 we get, = ⇒ = proved
 10.  The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at the point O


such that  = . Show that ABCD is a trapezium.

soln: construction : draw EO//AB

 
Proof : In ∆ ADB, EO//AB[by const.]
⇒ = [by BPT ]…….1
= ⇒ = [given]……….2
from 1 &2 we get , =
⇒EO// DC [ by converse BPT ]
EO//AB & EO// DC ⇒ AB//DC
Thus ABCD is a trapezium .
EXTRA QUESTION :
1.In ∆ ABC , DE// BC .
i)AD= 4cm, AB = 12 cm & AC=24, then find
the value of AE.

ii) AD = 4x – 3, AE= 8x -7 , BD = 3x -1 &

CE = 5x -3, find the value of x.
ii)  AD = 4x – 3, AE= 8x -7 , BD = 3x -1 & CE = 5x -3, find the value of x .


soln : (i) = [by BPT]

=

⇒ (4x – 3)(5x -3) =(8x -7)(3x -1)

⇒ 20x2 – 15x -12x + 9 = 24x2 -21x – 8x +7
⇒ 20x2 – 27x + 9 = 24x2 -29x +7
⇒ 4x2 -2x -2 =0
⇒ 2x2 -x -1 =0
⇒ 2x2 -2x + x -1 =0
⇒ 2x( x -1 ) + 1 ( x – 1 ) =0
⇒ ( x – 1 ) ( 2x + 1 ) =0
⇒ x= 1 & x = - ½ ( not possible )
iii)  If BD = x – 3 , AB = 2x , CE = x -2 & AC = 2x +3 then find the


value of x .
soln : = [by BPT]
2 .  In fig . DE// BC & BD = CE . Prove that ∆ ABC is an isosceles


triangle .
soln: DE //BC ,
(by BPT )
AB = AC ( as BD = CE given )
thus ∆ ABC is an isosceles triangle
3.In the fig . AB //DE & BD//EF .Prove that DC2 = CF x AC
  
Proof : In ∆ ABC , DE // AB

(by BPT ) ………….1

In ∆ BCD , EF // BD
(by BPT ) ………….2

from 1 & 2 we get

proved
CD2 = CF x AC
 ANSWER-KEY MATH ASSIGNMENT - 2 (TERM-1)

 1.The decimal expansion of the rational number will terminate after d) 4 decimal place
2.The common difference of an AP in which a18 – a14 = 32 is : a) 8
3.If k , 2k -1 & 2k +1are 3consecutive terms of an AP, the value of k is: c) 3
4.The discriminant of the quadratic equation x2 – 3x +5= 0 is: a) -1
c) 21
5.If the nth term of an AP is (2n +3), then the sum of its first 3 terms is :
6.The roots of the quadratic equations x`2 - 4√2 x + 6 =0 are : b) √2, 3√2
7.The HCF of the smallest composite no. & the smallest prime no. is : d) 2
8.In an AP,if the d= (-4) & the 7th term is 4 then the1st term is: b) 28
9.The product of two consecutive positive integer is 240.The quadratic eqn for this condition is : b) x2 + x - 240 = 0

10.If the product of 2 nos. is 2500 & their HCF is 50,then their LCM is: a) 50
11.The sum of all two- digit multiples of 7 is: d) 728
12.The value of k for which the eqn x2+2( k+1)x +k2 =0 has equal roots is : b) -
13. The LCM of 96 & 404 is : c) 9696
14. In an AP, if S­n = 3n2 + n then the common difference is: a) 6
15.If x = -1/2 a solution of the quadratic equation 3x2 + 2kx –3 = 0, then the value of k is : d =-9/4
CRITERIA FOR SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES
 SSS
 SAS
 AAA
 AA
SSS similarity criterion : If in two triangles ,corresponding
sides are in the same ratio, then their corresponding angles
are equal & hence the triangles are similar.
SAS similarity criterion : If one angle of a triangle is equal
to one angle of another triangle & the sides including these
angles are in the same ratio, then the triangles are similar .
AAA similarity criterion : If in two triangles ,corresponding
angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same
ratio & hence the two triangles are similar .

AA similarity criterion : If in two triangles ,two angles of one

triangle are respectively equal to the two angles of the other
triangle, then the two triangles are similar .
2 .In the figure, ΔODC ~ ΔOBA, ∠ BOC = 125° and ∠ CDO = 70°.
Find ∠ DOC, ∠ DCO and ∠ OAB.

soln : ∠ BOC + ∠ DOC = 1800 [linear pair ]

⇒ ∠ DOC = 1800 -1250
⇒ ∠ DOC = 550
In Δ DOC ,
∠ DCO + ∠ CDO = ∠ BOC [exterior angle property]
⇒ ∠ DCO = 1250 – 700
⇒ ∠ DCO = 550
ΔODC ~ ΔOBA [given ]
⇒ ∠ DCO = ∠ OAB= 550 [corresponding angles of similar Δs ]
3.  Diagonals AC and BD of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each


other at the point O. Using a similarity criterion for two triangles, show that
=
soln: In ΔAOB & ΔCOD 1) (2

∠ 1 = ∠ 4 [ alternate angles ]
∠ 2 = ∠ 3 [ ,, ,, ]
∴ ΔAOB ~ ΔCOD [by AA similarity ] 3) (4

⇒ = [ corresponding sides of similar Δs ]

  
4. In

the fig., QR/QS = QT/PR and ∠1 = ∠2. Show that ΔPQS ~ ΔTQR.
soln: ∠1 = ∠2 [ given ]……………….1
⇒ PQ = PR [sides opp. to equal angles are equal]
= [given ]
= [ as PQ = PR ]……………….2
In ΔPQS & ΔTQR.
= [from 1 ]
∠1 = ∠1 [common]
∴ ΔPQS ~  ΔTQR [ by SAS similarity ]
5. S and T are point on sides PR and QR of ΔPQR such that ∠P = ∠RTS.
Show that ΔRPQ ~ ΔRTS.
Soln: In Δ RPQ & Δ RTS
∠P = ∠RTS [given ]
∠R = ∠R [ common]
∴ ΔRPQ ~ ΔRTS [ by AA similarity ]
6.  In the figure, if ΔABE ≅ ΔACD, show that ΔADE ~ ΔABC.


soln: Δ ABE ≅ Δ ACD [given ]

AB= AC & AD = AE [corresponding sides of congruent Δs ]……………1

In ΔADE & Δ ABC

= [from 1 ]
∠A = ∠A [common ]
∴ ΔADE ~ ΔABC [by SAS similarity ]
7. In the figure, altitudes AD and CE of ΔABC intersect each other at the
point P. Show that:
(i) ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP (iii) ΔAEP ~ ΔADB
(ii) ΔABD ~ ΔCBΔAEP ~ ΔCDP E (iv) ΔPDC ~ ΔBEC
soln: (i) In Δ AEP & Δ CDP
∠E = ∠D [ given ]
∠APE = ∠CPD [ vertically opp. angles]
∴ ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP [by AA similarity ]