A DESIGN OF VENTILLATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING OF A EIGHT

STROREY GREEN BUILDING PROJECT FOR CIVIL REGISTRY SYSTEM

BUILDING, EAST AVE. QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES
(APPROXIMATELY 500 TR)

A TECHNICAL REPORT
PRESENTED TO
THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY
BOARD OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS
IN THE LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR
PROFESSIONAL MECHANICAL ENGINEER

SUBMITTED BY:
RHOWELLE M. TIBAY
RME 0067493
JUNE 2018
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
 
 
June 14, 2018
 
Professional Regulation Commission
2nd Floor Philippine International Convention Center (PICC)
Pasay City, Philippines
 
Hon. Jesus M. Redelosa
Chairman, Board of Mechanical Engineering
Professional Regulation Commission
 
Hon. Fernando S. Guevara
Member, Board of Mechanical Engineering
Professional Regulation Commission
 
Hon. Mirardo C. Malazarte, Jr.
Member, Board of Mechanical Engineering
Professional Regulation Commission
 
 
Dear Sirs,
 
In compliance with the requirements of the Board of Mechanical Engineering,
relative to my application for the Professional Mechanical Engineering
licensure, I have the honor to submit my Engineering Report Entitled, “A
DESIGN OF VENTILLATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING OF A EIGHT
STROREY GREEN BUILDING PROJECT FOR CIVIL REGISTRY SYSTEM
BUILDING, EAST AVE. QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES (APPROXIMATELY
500 TR)”.
I have high hope that this report merits your favorable consideration and
approval.
 

 
Respectfully Yours,
 
 
 
 
Rhowelle M. Tibay
PME Applicant
RME 0067493
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 
I would like to express my deepest and sincerest gratitude to the PHILIPPINE
SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS –Paraňaque Chapter and the
2018 President Chapter Eng.Richelle Hua Bernal who made the PME Exam
possible a and most especially to my advisers the Professional Mechanical
Engineers whose generous advises on the procedures and requirements for
this examination are very much appreciated; to Engr. Jeffrey F. Singson – VP
internal affairs and Engr. Prospero Ylagan whose valuable guidance and
support made this report possible.
For my loving and caring mother Lilia M. Tibay and to my father Jose Yudelio
SM. Tibay, who both never miss to shower me with their wisdom and prayers
and unquestionable love and affections.
My profound thanks to my wife, Angielyn D. Tibay, and to my daughter
Giewelle Nicole D. Tibay, for their understanding, patience, full support and
love that has given me the inspiration to accomplish this report.
Above all, to Almighty God for giving me the strength, the knowledge and the
wisdom in preparing this engineering report.
 
 
 
Rhowelle M. Tibay
PME Applicant
RME 0067493
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Chapter 1 General Introduction
Introduction
Subject of the Report
History of the Company
Capitalization and Ownership
Organization Set-up
Location
 
Chapter 2 Air Conditioning System Design Analysis
 
Introduction
Air Conditioning System Comparison
Results and Conclusion
 
Chapter 3 Cooling Load & Ventilation Calculations

Introduction
Definition of Terms
Weather Design Data
Internal Load Schedules
Building Construction Materials
Detailed Load Calculations
Summary of Cooling Load & Ventilation Calculations
 
Chapter 4 Economic Aspect
 
Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Design Drawings
APPENDICES
Supplementary Documents
Curriculum Vitae
Affidavit of Applicant
Certificate of Competency
Certificate of Experience
Detailed Description of Equipments
 CHAPTER 1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Nowadays Ventilation and air conditioning is the technology of indoor

and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and

acceptable indoor air quality. Air-conditioning system design is a sub discipline

of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid

mechanics, and heat transfer. Air-conditioning is an important part of

commercial and building structures such as apartment buildings, hotels and

senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and office buildings and

hospitals, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect

to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors. [1]

Ventilating or ventilation is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any

space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control,

oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust,

airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes

unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps

interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air.

Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as

circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for

maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a

building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types. [2]

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Civil Registration is the recording in the appropriate civil registers,

vital acts and events that affect the civil status of individuals. Vital acts and

events are the births, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages and all such events

that have something to do with an individual's entrance and departure from

life together with the changes in civil status that may occur to a person

during his lifetime.

Civil registry documents include records of births, marriages, deaths, court

decrees, legal instruments which affect the status of a person, divorce,

conversion to Islam and marriages solemnized under Presidential Decree

1083, and civil registry documents of Filipino citizens reported at Philippine

Consulates abroad. These documents are submitted by the local civil

registry offices, Shari'a courts and Department of Foreign Affairs to PSA

and are converted to digital format and loaded in the Civil Registry System

– Information Technology Phase 2 (CRS-ITP2) database for copy issuance

purposes.
The CRS-ITP2 will involve the computerization of the civil registry

operations of the PSA and is designed to collect, access, store, maintain

and manage civil registry documents and the specimen signatures of all

city and municipal registrars using imaging technology. The CRS-ITP2 will

also include production of vital statistics and make the civil registry

services available nationwide through the CRS outlets and other

authorized partners. The CRS-ITP2 will also include the construction of a

building that will house the servers of the information technology system. [3]

This engineering report is intended to design the Air Conditioning and

Ventilation System of Civil Registration System green building.

This Engineering Report will focus on the following:

• Cooling load calculation

• Ventilation system

• Guide for Air-Conditioning Building Calculation

The purpose of this report is to do the selection and design of Air-

Conditioning System using the underlying principles of Engineering and

Engineering Economy to a Government facilities/buildings like the Civil

Registry System building. Due to the current concern on environment and

energy utilization, any system requiring electrical energy must be designed

to optimum efficiency, ecofriendly and low energy consumption.

1.2 SUBJECT OF THE REPORT
A. Project overview and general requirements
Project Title: Design of air-conditioning and ventilation system for Civil
Registry System – Information Technology Phase 2 Building.
Requirements:
The design of building must be as per “Building Code of the Philippines”
and Air-Conditioning system code such ASHRAE (American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) or any other
references which being study in the field of Mechanical Engineering.
All Bill of Quantities (BOQ), Construction Plan, Contract Document and
budgetary estimate cost must be governed on the R.A 9814, otherwise
known as the government procurement reform act.
General Scope of Works:
The project name “Design of air-conditioning and ventilation system for
Civil Registry System – Information Technology Phase 2 Building” calls for
turn-key activities from concept design, budgetary estimate preparation,
detailed design and specifications, detailed bill of materials and air-
conditioning calculation.
B. Hypothesis and Methods
- Cooling load and Ventilation (Infiltration) Calculation
- Duct layout
- Air-conditioning schedule for selection purpose
- Project cost
- Other calculation used in this report taken from the Mechanical
Engineering subject.
1.3 HISTORY OF THE COMPANY

The National Statistics Office (NSO) (Filipino: Pambansang Tanggapan ng

Estadístika), formerly known as Bureau of Census and Statistics is the

Philippine government's major statistical agency responsible for collecting,

compiling, classifying, producing, publishing, and disseminating general-

purpose statistics. The NSO also has the responsibility of carrying out and

administering the provision of the Civil Registry Law including the archiving

of birth, death and marriage and servicing requests for copies and

certifications based on these documents as provided for in Act No. 3753

dated February 1931.

The organization assumed its responsibilities when Commonwealth Act

(C.A.) No. 591 was approved on 19 August 1940. It was then known as the

Bureau of the Census and Statistics (BCS). It became the National Census

and Statistics Office (NCSO) in 1974 until was renamed to be the National

Statistics Office.

In September 12, 2013 the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) was

created, when the Philippine Statistical Act of 2013 (Republic Act No.

10625) was signed by President Benigno S. Aquino III. The new

government authority was created by merging the National Statistics

Office, the National Statistical Coordination Board, the Bureau of

Agricultural Statistics, and the Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics.

The PSA serves as the central statistical authority on primary data

collection in the Philippines by conducting censuses on different sectors of

the Philippine economy such as population, housing, agriculture, fisheries

and business. It collects, compiles, analyzes and publishes statistical

information on economic, social, demographic, political affairs and general

affairs of the people of the Philippines. Likewise, it enforces the civil

registration functions in the Philippines. Currently the CRS-ITP2 is a

preceding agency maintain by Philippine statistic authority (PSA) for

national registration. [4]

1.4 CAPITALIZATION AND OWNERSHIP

General Profile

Owner: Philippine Statistic Authority (Civil Registry System)

Office Address: PSA Complex, East Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines

Zip Code: 1101

Telephone No: (02) 926-7333

Estimate project cost (Mechanical Works):

“Forty three million eight hundred thousand pesos” (P. 43,800,000.00)

About PSA

The PSA shall primarily be responsible for the implementation of the

objectives and provisions of R.A. 10625. It shall plan, develop, prescribe,

disseminate and enforce policies, rules and regulations and coordinate

government-wide programs governing the production of official statistics,

general-purpose statistics, and civil registration services.

It shall primarily be responsible for all national censuses and surveys,

sectoral statistics, consolidation of selected administrative recording

systems and compilation of national accounts. [5]

Functions
The PSA shall:
1. Serve as the central statistical authority of the Philippine government
on primary data collection;
2. Prepare and conduct periodic censuses on population, housing,
agriculture, fisheries, business, industry, and other sectors of the
economy;
3. Collect, compile, analyze, abstract and publish statistical information
relating to the country’s economic, social, demographic and general
activities and condition of the people;
4. Prepare and conduct statistical sample surveys on all aspects of
socioeconomic life including agriculture, industry, trade, finance, prices
and marketing information, income and expenditure, education, health,
culture, and social situations for the use of the government and the
public;
5. Carry out, enforce and administer civil registration functions in the
country as provided for in Act 3753, the Law on Registry of Civil Status;
6. Collaborate with departments of the national government including
GOCCs and their subsidiaries in the collection, compilation,
maintenance and publication of statistical information, including special
statistical data derived from the activities of those departments,
corporations and their subsidiaries;
7. Promote and develop integrated social and economic statistics and
coordinate plans for the integration of those statistics, including the
national accounts;
8. Develop and maintain appropriate frameworks and standards for the
collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of data;
9. Coordinate with government departments and local government units
(LGUs) on the promotion and adoption of statistical standards involving
techniques, methodologies, concepts, definitions and classifications, and
on the avoidance of duplication in the collection of statistical information;
10. Conduct continuing methodological, analytical and development
activities, in coordination with the PSRTI , to improve the conduct of
censuses, surveys and other data collection activities;
11. Recommend executive and legislative measures to enhance the
development of the statistical activities and programs of the government;
Prepare, in consultation with the PSA Board, a Philippine Statistical
Development Program (PSDP);
12. Implement policies on statistical matters and coordination, as directed
by the PSA Board, and;
13. Perform other functions as may be assigned by the PSA Board and as
may be necessary to carry out the purposes of RA 10625.

Annual Revenue Reports

Sources CY 2015 CY 2014 CY 2013

Certification and Authentication
Fee - Civil Registry Documents 854,160,000 780,709,671 751,160,967
Publication Income 779000 1,219,647 1,537,925
License Fee - Authority to
Solemnize Service Income 4,773,000 4,804,330 4,093,670
Other Income 4,265,000 1,575,324 2,165,759
TOTAL REVENUES 863,977,000 788,308,972 758,958,321

Table 1 [6]
Ownership

The Civil Registry System – Information Technology Phase 2

Building, is wholly owned by the Republic of the Philippines under the rules

and law of Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA).

1.5 ORGANIZATION SET-UP

The PSA Board [7]

Article 7. The PSA Board shall be composed of the following:

Chairperson: Sec. Ernesto M. Pernia (Secretary of Socioeconomic

Planning, NEDA)

Vice Chairperson: Usec. Laura B. Pascua (Department of Budget and

Management)

Members:

PSA Usec. Lisa Grace S. Bersales (National Statistician and Civil Registrar

General)

DA Usec. Evelyn G. Laviña

DAR Usec. Teresita O. Vistro

DepEd Usec. Jesus L.R. Mateo

Ownership

The Civil Registry System – Information Technology Phase 2

Building, is wholly owned by the Republic of the Philippines under the rules

and law of Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA).

1.5 ORGANIZATION SET-UP

The PSA Board [7]

Article 7. The PSA Board shall be composed of the following:

Chairperson: Sec. Ernesto M. Pernia (Secretary of Socioeconomic

Planning, NEDA)

Vice Chairperson: Usec. Laura B. Pascua (Department of Budget and

Management)

Members:

PSA Usec. Lisa Grace S. Bersales (National Statistician and Civil Registrar

General)

DA Usec. Evelyn G. Laviña

DAR Usec. Teresita O. Vistro

DepEd Usec. Jesus L.R. Mateo

PSA ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

1.6 LOCATION
 CHAPTER 2
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM AND DESIGN ANALYSIS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In the office and commercial buildings, large energy is consumed due to
poor thermal performance and low efficiencies of air conditioning system.
Air conditioning system (often referred to as AC, A.C., or A/C) is the
process of removing heat from the interior of an occupied space, to
improve the comfort of occupants. Air conditioning can be used in both
domestic and commercial environments. This process is most commonly
used to achieve a more comfortable interior environment, typically for
humans or animals; however, air conditioning is also used to
cool/dehumidify rooms filled with heat-producing electronic devices, such
as computer servers, power amplifiers, and even to display and store
artwork. [8]
Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the conditioned air to an
occupied space such as a building or a car to improve thermal comfort and
indoor air quality. Electric refrigerant-based AC units range from small units
that can cool a small bedroom, which can be carried by a single adult, to
massive units installed on the roof of office towers that can cool an entire
building. The cooling is typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but
sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems
can also be made based on desiccants (chemicals which remove moisture
from the air) and subterraneous pipes that can distribute the heated
refrigerant to the ground for cooling. [9]
In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of

technology that modifies the condition of air (heating, cooling,

(de-)humidification, cleaning, ventilation, or air movement). In common

usage, though, "air conditioning" refers to systems which cool air. In

construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air

conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

(HVAC – as opposed to AC). [10]

2.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM COMPARISSON
In selecting an air conditioning system, it is important to know what the
options are. The way was to learn about each type of unit, their strengths
and their weaknesses.
The following are different type of Air-conditioning system; [11]
1. Window Type Air Conditioner. This type of unit is designed to cool a
single room. In this air conditioner all the components, namely the
compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling
coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit sits in the window. Because of
this, it is not the most aesthetically pleasing option available. But looking to
cool a single room, it is the most cost-effective option around.
2. Split Air Conditioner. This unit is comprised of two parts: the outdoor,
which houses the compressor, condenser and expansion valve; and
the indoor, which is comprised of the evaporator coil and cooling fan.
The split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.
3. Packaged Air Conditioner. This type of unit is perfect for cooling multiple
rooms or a large space in office. There are two possible arrangements
with the package unit. In the first one, all the components, namely the
compressor, condenser (which can be air cooled or water cooled),
expansion valve and evaporator are housed in a single box. The cooled
air is thrown by the high capacity blower, and it flows through the ducts
laid through various rooms. In the second arrangement, the
compressor and condenser are housed in one casing. The compressed
gas passes through individual units, comprised of the expansion valve
and cooling coil, located in various rooms
4. Central Air Conditioning System. This unit is used primarily to cool big

buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels, factories, etc. The central air

conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the

capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Having big area

to cool, central air conditioning may be the only way to go.

5. VRF or VRV Air Conditioning. Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), also

known as variable refrigerant volume (VRV), this is typically installed with

an Air conditioner inverter which adds a DC inverter to the compressor in

order to support variable motor speed and thus variable refrigerant flow

rather than simply perform on/off operation. The VRV system is a multi-

split type air conditioner for commercial buildings that uses variable

refrigerant flow control to provide customers with the ability to maintain

individual zone control in each room and floor of a building.

2.3 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Due to weather condition and climate change of the Philippines, the

portion of electricity consumed in the building exceeds to 50% of the total

energy consumption during summer season. Therefore this narrative

report aim the highest interest of improving the efficiency of Air-

conditioning system in an attempt to reduce the total energy consumption.

Many studies have shown that VRF/VRV systems tend to consume less

energy when compared to other systems, making them suitable equipment

to be installed in the Philippines.

As a result VRF/VRV is the recommended system for CRS-ITP2

Building which it helps to the facilities in accommodating various load

requirements for separate rooms, offices and workstations. The following

are benefits of the VRF/VRV system: [12]

1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY. VRF HVAC systems use less energy for several

reasons. The system is designed to provide exactly the amount of cooling

needed for the current conditions, which means it runs less frequently and

at a lower capacity

2. QUIET OPERATION. In a VRF HVAC system, the noisier condensing

unit is typically outside, and the indoor air handlers are smaller and quieter

than a traditional split system.

3. CONSISTENT COMFORT. The VRF HVAC system’s compressor can

detect the precise requirements of each zone, and send the precise

amount of refrigerant needed to do the job. As a result, each area space is

consistently comfortable with well-controlled humidity and cold spots.

4. LESS DOWNTIME. Since the VRF HVAC system is designed to run

only when needed and under partial-load conditions, there is less wear

and tear on the parts. That means fewer breakdowns. Also, if something

goes wrong with one air handler, often the others are unaffected.

5. REQUIRES LESS SPACE. Since the air handlers are smaller and VRF

HVAC systems don’t usually require ducts, they don’t require as much wall

and ceiling space for the equipment.

6. MODERN CONTROLS. The VRF HVAC system’s built-in controls may

allow skipping to purchase expensive building management software.

 CHAPTER 3

COOLING LOAD AND VENTILATION CALCULATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

CRS-ITP2 Building, consist of 8th floor level building located within the

premises of PSA, East Avenue, Quezon City, NCR, Philippines. The air-

conditioning and ventilation design on this building is based on the

required parameters which indicated in Architectural and Structural

drawings.

A cooling load calculation is a basis for the design of building cooling

systems. The current design methods are usually based on deterministic

cooling loads, which are obtained by using design parameters. However,

these parameters contain uncertainties, and they will be different from that

used in the design calculation when the cooling system is put in use. The

actual cooling load profile will deviate from that predicted in design. A

modified bin method was used in this paper to optimize the energy

efficiency ratio (EER). A design optimization method is proposed by

considering uncertainties related to the cooling load calculation. Impacts

caused by the uncertainties of seven factors are considered, including the

outdoor weather conditions and internal heat sources. The cooling load

distribution is analyzed. Comparison between the modified bin method and

CLTD/SCL/CLF method is also conducted. With the distributions of their

energy consumption, decision makers can select the optimal configuration

based on quantified confidence.

3.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS [13]
Absorbent - Usually solid substance with the ability to take up or absorb
another substance (usually in gas).
Absorption chiller - Absorption chillers differ from mechanical vapour
compression chillers in the fact that they utilize a thermal or/and chemical
process to produce the refrigeration effect necessary to provide chilled
water. There is no mechanical compression of the refrigerant taking place
within the machine as it occurs within more traditional vapour compression
type chillers.
Active tracer gas release - Controlled release of a tracer gas by a
pressurized system or pump. (Term is used in ventilation rates
measurement).
Adsorbent - Substance with the property to hold molecules of gas or fluid
without causing a chemical reaction.
Adsorption - The capability of all solid substances to attract to their
surfaces molecules of gases or solutions with which they are in contact.
Solids that are used to adsorb gases or dissolved substances are called
adsorbents; the adsorbed molecules are usually referred to collectively as
the adsorbate. An example of an excellent adsorbent is the charcoal used
in gas masks to remove poisons or impurities from a stream of air.
Aerosol - A suspension of liquid or solid particles in air.
Air change rate - Ventilation air flow rate divided by room volume. It
indicates how many times, during a time interval, the air volume from a
space is replaced with outdoor air.
Air changes per hour (ACH) - Ventilation air flow divided by room volume.
It indicates how many times, during one hour, the air volume from a space
is replaced with outdoor air.
Air cleaner - Device used for removal of airborne particulates and/or gases
from the air. Air cleaners may be added to HVAC systems or stand-alone
room units.
Air cleaner, electrostatic - A device that uses an electrical charge to trap
particles traveling in the air stream.
Air cleaning system - A device or combination of devices applied to reduce
the concentration of airborne contaminants, such as microorganisms,
dusts, fumes, respirable particles, other particulate matter, gases, and/or
vapours in air.
Air conditioning - A form of air treatment in which temperature is controlled,
possibly in combination with the control of ventilation, humidity and air
cleanliness.
Air conditioning system - A combination of all components required to
provide a form of air treatment in which temperature is controlled or can be
lowered, possibly in combination with the control of ventilation, humidity
and air cleanliness.
Air contaminant - Any material in the atmosphere that affects persons and
their environment (pollutant includes materials such as liquids, solids,
aerosols, gases and odors). Term is used interchangeably with air
pollutant.
Air curtain - A planar jet that provides a climate separation between zones
with different conditions of indoor air quality and climate.
Air diffusion - Distribution of the air in a space by means of air terminal
devices, in a manner so as to meet certain specified conditions, such as
air change rate, pressure, cleanliness, temperature, humidity, air velocity
and noise level.
Air diffusion, displacement
Air diffusion where the mixing of supply air and indoor air is very low.
Usually supply
air is a few degrees cooler that room air and supply velocity low.
Air flow rate, mass - Mass flow of air over specified time, usually
expressed in kg/s or kg/h.
Air flow rate, volumetric - Volumetric flow of air over specified time, usually
expressed in l/s or m3/h.
Air handling unit - Assembly consisting of sections containing a fan or fans
and other necessary equipment to perform one or more of the following
functions: air circulation, filtration, heating, cooling, heat recovery,
humidifying, dehumidifying and mixing of air, and necessary controls
functions.
Air leakage factor - The air leakage per unit envelope area.
Air leakage, internal - Air leakage between two air streams in an air
handling component like heat recovery unit.
Air pollution - Result of the presence of air pollutants in the atmosphere.
Air quality, indoor (IAQ) - deals with the health and comfort of the air inside
buildings and characterizes the indoor climate of a building, including the
gaseous composition, temperature, relative humidity, and airborne
contaminant levels. IAQ is the expression for both the concentration of
impurities in the air and an expression of how people signify their
perception of the air (perceived air quality) in the form of e.g. smell and
irritation (sensory measurements).
Air quality, perceived (PAQ) - is an indoor air quality as it is perceived by
humans.
Air stratification - The layering of air within a space, due to density
differences caused by temperature distribution of the air.
Air supply, displacement - the mixing of supply air and indoor air is at a
minimum.
Air supply, mechanical - process of supplying air with the aid of powered
air movement components, usually fans.
Air supply, mixed - the supply of mixed air.- see also mixed air
Air supply, natural - the process of supplying air by means of wind forces
or density differences or a combination of the two.
Air throw - the distance an air jet travels upon leaving a diffuser before its
velocity is reduced to a specific value, usually to the velocity which does
not cause draft, 0,15-0,25 m/s depending on the temperature.
Air vent - A valve, either manual or automatic, that is used to remove
unwanted air from the highest point of a piping system.
Air, conditioned - Air that has been heated, cooled, humidified or
dehumidified to maintain an interior space within the "comfort zone".
(Sometimes referred to as "tempered" air)
Air, exhaust - Air removed from a space and discharged to outside the
building by means of mechanical or natural ventilation systems.
Air, indoor - The air in an enclosed occupiable space.
Air, induced - Air volume or flow that is set into motion by the primary air
supplied to a space.
Air, mixed - The mixture of outdoor air and re-circulated return air.
Air, outdoor - Air taken from outside the building which therefore has not
previously circulated through the ventilation system.
Air, primary - Conditioned and dehumidified outdoor air supplied to the
terminal unit such as chilled beam, induction unit etc. through a duct from
the air handling unit.
Air, recirculation - A part of extract air which is not exhausted from the
building, but it is re-circulated back to spaces.
Air, secondary - Air volume flow rate extracted from a room and being
supplied again to the same room after having been conditioned. (EN
13779) - also referred to as transfer air
Air, supply - Air delivered by mechanical or natural ventilation to a space,
composed of any combination of outdoor air, recirculated air or transfer air.
Air, transfer - Air moved from one indoor space to another.
Air, ventilation - Outdoor air which is supplied to a room for ventilation
purposes.
Airflow, induced - The secondary airflow from the room induced into a
terminal unit such as chilled beam, induction unit etc. by the primary air.
Allergen - A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction because of
an individual's
sensitivity to that substance.
Area, gross floor - The total area of all the floors of a building, including
intermediately floored tiers, mezzanine, basements, etc., as measured
from the exterior surfaces of the outside walls of the building.
Arrestance, filter - The amount of particles of non-specific size captured by
the filter. The arrestance describes how well an air filter removes larger
particles (total mass) such as dirt, lint, hair and dust.
Background concentration - The level of a contaminant present in the
ambient air
Balance point - An outdoor temperature, usually between 0° C and 7° C, at
which a heat pump's output exactly equals the heating needs of the heated
building. Below the balance point, supplementary heat, or from other
sources, is needed to maintain indoor comfort.
Barrier, radiant - A thin, reflective foil sheet that exhibits low radiant energy
transmission and under certain conditions can block radiant heat transfer;
installed in attics to reduce heat flow through a roof assembly into the
living space.
Barrier, vapour - A moisture-impervious layer applied to the surfaces
enclosing a humid space to prevent moisture travel to a point where it may
condense due to lower temperature.
British thermal unit (BTU) - The amount of heat that must be added to one
pound of water to raise its temperature one degree Fahrenheit. 1 BTU =
1055.06 J= 2.931 10-4 kWh.
Building automation and control (BAC) - Products, software, and
engineering services for automatic controls, monitoring and optimization,
human intervention, and management to achieve energy-efficient,
economical, and safe operation of building services equipment.
Building management system (BMS) - A Building Management System is a
computer-based system that controls and monitors a building’s mechanical
and electrical installations, fire alarms and security systems.
Building services - Services provided by technical building systems and by
appliances to provide indoor climate conditions, domestic hot water,
illumination levels and other services related to the use of the building.
Building, commercial - A commercial building is a building that is used for
commercial use. Types can include office buildings, warehouse, or retail
(i.e. convenience stores, 'big box' stores, shopping malls, etc.).
Buoyancy - The vertical force exerted on a volume of air that has a density
different from the ambient air caused by temperature differences.
Capacity, thermal - The output or producing ability of a piece of cooling or
heating equipment. Property of a material to hold heat. Measured usually
in J/kgK.
Certificate, energy performance - A certificate recognized by the Member
State or a legal person designated by it, which includes the energy
performance of a building calculated according to a methodology based on
the general framework set out in the Annex of Directive 2002/91/EC.
(EPBD, 2002/91/EC)
Certificate, white - Certificate issued by independent certifying bodies
confirming the energy savings of market actors as a consequence of
energy efficiency improvement measures.
Chilled beam - A cooled element or cooling coil situated in, above or under
a ceiling which cools convectively using natural or induced air flows. The
cooling medium is usually water.
Chimney effect - The tendency of heated air or gas to rise in a duct or
other vertical passage, such as in a chimney, small enclosure, or building
staircase, due to its lower density compared to the surrounding air or gas.
Coefficient of performance (COP) - The ration between the output energy
and the energy required to produce it. It is used for heat pumps in heating
mode.
Cogeneration - Simultaneous production of two or more forms of useable
energy from a single fuel source, e.g., heat energy and electrical or
mechanical power, in the same facility. Because a typical cogeneration
facility uses thermal energy which is generally wasted in a traditional
power plant, the process can be 50 to 70 percent more efficient.
Coil - A cooling or heating element (heat exchanger) made of pipe or
tubing, often including fins or plates, through which a fluid is passed,
exchanging thermal energy with another fluid surrounding it for heating or
cooling.
Collection efficiency - The ratio of the mass of the particles collected in an
ESP (electrostatic precipitator) to the mass of particles entering the ESP. It
is often expressed as a percentage.
Compressor - A reciprocating or rotary pump for raising the pressure of a
fluid; this may be a single stage or multistage unit. Reciprocating
Compressor: a machine that compresses gases, composed of one or
several cylinders; each cylinder contains a piston that is moved by a
crankshaft through a connecting rod. Rotary Compressor: a machine
having a rotating member that directly compresses fluid in an enclosed
housing; the fluid pressure rises as the volume of the closed space
decreases.
Concentration - The quantity of one substance (gas or particles) dispersed
in a defined amount of another substance (usually air or water).
Condenser - A device that transfers unwanted heat out of a refrigeration
system or a heat pump to a medium absorbs the heat and transfers it to a
disposal point. There are three types of condensers: air-cooled
condensers, water-cooled condensers, and evaporative condensers. The
evaporative condenser uses a combination of air and water as its
condensing medium. Most residential systems have an air-cooled
condenser.
Contaminant - An unwanted airborne constituent that may increase the
health risks and reduce acceptability of the air.
Convection - the movement of heat by fluid flow (air or water).
Cooling capacity - the quantity of heat that a cooling appliance is capable
of removing from a room.
Cooling load - the rate at which heat must be extracted from a space in
order to maintain the desired temperature within the space.
Cooling system - typically a water cooled or glycol cooled system with an
additional coil that provides chilled water cooling when the outdoor
ambient is cold thereby reducing or eliminating compressor operation.
Cooling tower - a heat transfer device, which cools warm water using
outside air or water. Usually used to reject heat from the cooling process to
the atmosphere.
Cooling - process in which energy consuming mechanical components like
compressors, pumps and fans are used.
Cooling, district - Means the distribution of thermal energy in the form of
chilled liquids, from a central source of production through a network to
multiple buildings or sites, for the use of space or process cooling.
Damper - the damper is a movable device, placed in the ductwork, that
opens and closes to control airflow. Dampers can be used to balance
airflow in a duct system. They are also used in zoning to regulate airflow to
certain rooms.
Decipol - one decipol is the sensory pollution level in the room the caused
by one standard person (one olf) when ventilated by 10 L/s of unpolluted
air. It was developed to quantify how the strength of indoor pollution
sources influence air quality as it is perceived by humans.
Dehumidification - the reduction of water content in the air.
Dehumidifier - a device that removes moisture from the air.
Design criteria - Values of parameters that define indoor air quality, thermal
and acoustical comfort, energy efficiency and the associated system
controls that should be achieved by the design.
Dew point - the temperature at which the water vapour present in the air
condenses.
Diffuse radiation - solar radiation received indirectly as a result of
scattering due to clouds, fog, haze, dust, or other obstructions in the
atmosphere or on the ground.
Diffuser - air distribution device designed to direct airflow into desired
patterns.
Disinfection - method aiming to reduce the number of viable micro-
organisms in a liquid or on a surface to such extent that an infection
hazard no longer exists.
Draught - human perceived sensation of local cooling of body caused by
air movement and its temperature.
Draught rating (DR-value) - the percentage of people predicted to be
dissatisfied due to draught in certain conditions.
Dual duct system - an air conditioning system that has two ducts for supply
air, one is with heated air and the other is with cooled air, so that air of the
correct temperature is provided by mixing varying amounts of air from each
duct.
Duct - a pipe or closed conduit made of sheet metal, fiberglass board, or
other suitable
material used for conducting air to and from an air handling unit or fan.
Duct, flex - Usually installed in a single, continuous piece between the
register and plenum box, a flexible duct usually has an inner lining and an
insulated coating on the outside.
Ductwork - pipes or ducts that carry air throughout a building.
Dust, ASHRAE - synthetic dust used for loading air filters in laboratory
tests.
Economizer, air - an economizer is a component of an air handling unit
that increases the amount of outdoor air in the supply air when the outdoor
air temperature is below the indoor temperature, to reduce the need for
mechanical cooling.
Efficiency (filtration) - removal of dust in a filter, expressed in %.
Emissivity - is the relative ability of its surface to emit energy by radiation in
relation to black surface.
Energy - broadly defined, is the capability of doing work. More specifically,
it is the capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing
work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion
(kinetic energy).
Energy consumption - the amount of energy consumed in the form in
which it is acquired by the user. The term excludes electrical generation
and distribution losses.
Energy efficiency ratio (EER) - a ratio calculated by dividing the cooling
capacity in watts by the power input in watts.
Energy management system - a control system (often computerized)
designed to regulate the energy consumption of a building by controlling
the operation of energy consuming systems, such as the heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting and water heating
systems.
Energy performance of a building - calculated or measured amount of
energy delivered and exported actually used or estimated to meet the
different needs associated with a standardized use of the building, which
may include, inter alia, energy used for heating, cooling, ventilation,
domestic hot water, lighting and appliances.
Enthalpy - Heat content or total heat, including both sensible and latent
heat.
Evaporator - a component of a thermodynamic refrigeration cycle where
evaporation of the refrigerant takes place. The heat for the evaporation
comes from the surrounding fluid. In practice, evaporator in air conditioning
systems is found indoors and is known as cooling coil. In heat pumps
systems it is found outdoors and absorb heat from the outdoor
environment.
Exfiltration - the air flowing through the building envelope from inside to
outside due the pressure difference. In cold climates this may cause
moisture damages in the constructions due to condensation of moist
indoor air in the structure.
Facilities management (FM) - All services required for the management of
buildings and real estate to maintain and increase their value.
Fan coil - A component of HVAC system containing a fan and heating or
cooling coil, used to distribute heated or cooled air.
Fan power - the electric power absorbed by the fan motor.
Fan power, specific (SFP) - the combined amount of electric power
consumed by all the fans in the air distribution system divided by the total
airflow rate through the building under design load conditions.
Fan, duct - Fan mounted in a section of duct to move conditioned air.
Filter - device for removing particulate material and gases from air.
Filter element - a unit in the filtering system comprising filter material
including framing, supporting parts and gaskets, the total to be inserted
into a filter housing device.
Fire dampers - components which are installed in an air distribution system
between two fire separating compartments and are designed to prevent
propagation of fire and/or smoke. Generally are kept open by mechanical
restraint, whose effect is cancelled under specific conditions. The valve is
then closed automatically.
Freon - a general term used to identify, any of a group of partially or
completely halogenated simple hydrocarbons containing fluorine, chlorine
or bromine, which are used as refrigerants.
Gas - Chemicals based on a structural framework of carbon atoms.
Greenhouse effect - the presence of trace atmospheric gases make the
earth warmer than would direct sunlight alone.
Grille - device for air openings or ducts where they open to the conditioned
space.
Heat balance - the equilibrium which is known to exist when all sources of
heat gain and loss for a given region or body are accounted for.
Heat exchanger - a device in which heat is transferred between two
mediums that don't come in contact.
Heat gains - Heat generated within or entering into the conditioned space
from heat sources other than technical building thermal systems.
Heat loss - the heat that flows from the building interior, through the
building envelope to the outside environment or ground
Heat pump - a machine, a device or installation that transfers heat from
natural surroundings such as air, water or ground to buildings or industrial
applications by reversing the natural flow of heat such that it flows from a
lower to a higher temperature.
Heat recovery - heat utilized from a system, which would otherwise be
wasted.
Heat source - A body of fluid from which heat is collected for heating
purposes.
Heat transfer - Flow of heat energy induced by a temperature difference.
Heat flow through a building envelope flows from a heated, or hot area to a
cooled, or cold area.
Heat transfer coefficient - the combined convective and radiant heat
transfer coefficient between the heated/cooled surface and the space
operative.
Heat, latent - the heat released or absorbed by a substance during a
process that occurs without a change in temperature and with the change
of the state of matter.
Heat, sensible - the heat released or absorbed by a substance during a
process that occurs with a change in temperature.
Heater - a type of water heater that has no storage tank thus eliminating
storage tank stand-by losses. Cold water travels through a pipe into the
unit, and either a gas burner or an electric element heats the water only
when needed.
Heating capacity - the quantity of heat that a heating appliance is capable
of supplying into a room in a time unit.
Heating load - the instantaneous heating rate required to keep the building
“in balance” at a specific minimum comfort temperature level e.g. a design
temperature of 21.0°C.
Humidification - addition of water vapour to room air or supply air.
Humidifier - a device that is used for humidification
Humidistat - a device designed to regulate humidity input by reacting to
changes in the moisture content of the air. Much like a thermostat but turns
the system on & off by sensing the humidity level.
Humidity, relative - pressure of water vapour in the air by volume divided
by pressure of water vapour by volume at saturation at the same
temperature.
Illuminance (lx) - The total luminous flux, incident on a surface, per unit
area. Expressed in lx = lm/m².
Indoor climate - temperature, humidity, lighting, air flow and noise levels in
a habitable structure or conveyance.
Induction rate - the total volume of air moved by induction, divided by the
volume of primary air supplied.
Infiltration - the transport of air through leakage paths in the envelope of a
building, resulting from pressure (e.g. wind) and temperature differences.
Initial efficiency (filter) - Efficiency of the clean filter operating at the air flow
rate test.
Insulation - any material that is used to reduce the heat flow or heat losses
kWh - the kWh is a unit of energy. 1 kWh = 3600 kJ = 3412 Btu.
Leakage - if the duct and air handling system is not airtight, air will leak
from, or into, the system depending on the pressure in the system, and
reduce the air delivery efficiency of the system.
Load calculation - a process to determine the heat gain and heat loss in a
building so that properly sized air conditioning and heating equipment may
be installed.
Luminance - is measured in cd/m² and is a property of extended (direct
and indirect)
light sources. Luminance is defined as the luminous power per unit area
per unit solid angle.
Manometer - An instrument that measures air or water pressure
differences between points.
MERV - The minimum reported efficiency in specified particle size ranges
during the test.
Net present value (NPV) - The net present value (NPV) is a standard
method for the financial assessment of long-term projects. It measures the
excess or shortfall of cash flows, calculated at their present value at the
start of the project.
Noise rating (NR) - The noise rating curves are developed by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to determine the
acceptable indoor environment for hearing preservation, speech
communication and annoyance.
Penetration - ratio of the particle concentration downstream to upstream of
the filter.
Performance - is the measure of the quantity and/or quality of the product
or service of a
worker.
Permeable - Porous, allowing the passage of air.
Plenum - air compartment connected to a duct or ducts. Air flow passage
made of duct board, metal, drywall, or wood. Joins supply and return ducts
with HVAC equipment.
Plume - the air current rising from a hot body (or descending from a cold
body).
PM10 - total mass of suspended particles with diameter less than 10 µm in
a m3 of air.
PM2,5 - total mass of suspended particles with diameter less than 2.5 µm
in a m3 of air.
Pollution - presence of undesired elements which are deteriorating to the
comfort, health and welfare of persons or the environment (pollution
includes elements such as noise, vibration, odours and gases).
Power - the rate at which energy is transferred. Electricity for use as
energy is also referred to as power. Electrical power is usually measured in
watts (W). Also used for a measurement of capacity.
Predicted mean vote - is an index that predicts the mean value of the votes
of a large
group of persons on a 7-point thermal sensation scale with zero meaning
thermal neutral state.
Predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) - index that predicts the
percentage of a large group of people likely to feel thermally dissatisfied
for the body as a whole, i.e. either too warm or too cool.
Productivity - is the amount of output created (in terms of goods produced
or services
rendered) per unit input used. It can be improved by increasing output
(performance etc.) or decreasing input (cost and other resources).
R – value - the inverse of the U-value, the thermal resistance coefficient,
expressed in Km²/W.
Radiation - the transfer of heat directly from one surface to another
(without heating the
intermediate air acting as a transfer mechanism).
Radiator - a room heat delivery (or exchanger) component of a hydronic
(hot water or steam) heating system; hot water or steam is delivered to it
by natural convection or by a pump from a boiler.
Recovery ventilator, energy (ERV) - a machine that draws outdoor air into
a building and exhausts polluted air. It may preheat or pre-cool (depending
on the season) to reduce energy costs associated with conditioning the air.
Reflectance - the ratio of reflected to incident radiation. Usually denoted by
a letter R or ρ.
Refrigerant - working fluid in refrigeration cycle or heat pump cycle.
Refrigerant lines - set of two copper pipes connecting the outdoor unit and
the indoor unit in a refrigeration system.
Register - covering of grill for air openings or the ducts where they open to
the conditioned space.
Reversing valve - a device in a heat pump that reverses the flow of
refrigerant as the system is switched from cooling to heating.
Sensing element - Component of a sensor that undergoes a measurable
change in response to a change in the physical variable to be measured.
Sensitivity analysis - this is a process that tests the extent to which a
model’s results and predictions change when one or more assumptions
change.
Sensor - device which converts a physical, chemical, biological property or
quantity into a conveniently measurable effect or signal. In this context the
term “sensor” is used to designate a “sensor system”, which may consist of
several components. Based on the functional properties, these
components can be grouped in three different units: a sensing element, a
transducer, a transmitter.
Setback - a reduction of climate control energy demand in HVAC controls
when a building is unoccupied.
Setpoint - the temperature to which a thermostat is set to result in a
desired heated space
temperature.
Shading coefficient (SC) – a measure of the ability of a window, or window
with solar shading device, to transmit solar heat, relative to that ability for 3
mm clear, single glass.
Solar heat gain coefficient - the fraction of solar radiation transmitted
through a window, or window with solar shading device, both directly
transmitted, and absorbed and subsequently released inward.
Sorbent - a substance which has the property of collecting molecules of
another substance by sorption.
Sound attenuators - components which are inserted into the air distribution
system and designed to reduce airborne noise which is propagated along
the ducts.
Source control - a preventive strategy for reducing airborne contaminant
levels in the air through removal of the material or activity generating the
pollutants.
Split system - a two-component heating and cooling (heat pump) or
cooling only (air conditioner) system.
System - a combination of equipment and/or controls, accessories,
interconnecting means and terminal elements by which energy is
transformed to perform a specific function, such as climate control, service
water heating, or lighting.
System boundary - boundary that includes within it all areas associated
with the building
Temperature drop - Difference between the supply and return
temperatures of the heating/cooling medium in a circuit.
Temperature, design indoor - Operative temperature at the centre of the
conditioned space used for calculation of the design load and capacity.
Thermal environment - Characteristics of the environment which affect the
heat exchange between the human body and the environment.
Thermal mass - material which to store heat, thereby slowing the
temperature variation within a space.
Thermostat - a device that responds to changes in temperature and
outputs a control signal.
Transducer - Active device and component of a sensor that converts the
raw, measured signal into a suitable signal, usually an electrical signal,
which is a function of the change in the sensing element.
Transmittance - The ratio of transmitted to incident energy.
Transmitter - device that converts the measured value to a standardized
electrical signal that can be used as an input to a control module.
Turbulence intensity - the ratio of the standard deviation of the air velocity
to the mean air velocity. Used to measure variations in air velocity.
U – value - describes how well a building material transports heat
Unit air cooler - a refrigeration system component transferring heat from air
to a refrigerant or liquid consisting of one or more fans and a coil with
refrigerant distributing and collecting headers.
Validation - procedure to test how accurately reality is represented.
Vapour - a substance in gaseous state, whose natural state is a liquid or
solid form at normal atmospheric conditions.
Vapour seal - is a barrier that prevents air, moisture, and contaminants
from migrating
through tiny cracks or pores in the walls, floor, and ceiling into the critical
space
Variable air volume system (VAV system) – a ventilation system where the
airflow rates are continuously varied.
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) - a air-conditioning system is essentially a
sophisticated split system.
Vent - a component of a heating or ventilation appliance used to conduct
fresh air into, or
waste air or combustion gases out of, an appliance or interior space.
Vent pipe - a tube in which combustion gases from a combustion appliance
are vented out of the appliance to the outdoors.
Ventilation - purpose provided air exchange between the inside and the
outside of a building, through the ventilation system by means of a range
of natural and/or mechanical devices.
Ventilation system - a combination of appliances designed to supply
interior spaces with outdoor air and/or to extract polluted indoor air.(EN
15251)
Zone - an area within the interior space of a building, such as an individual
room(s), to be
cooled, heated, or ventilated.
AC Air conditioning
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(U.S.A)
ACH Air changes per hour
AHU Air handling unit
BAC Building automation and control
BMS Building management system
BTU British thermal unit
CAV Constant air volume
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CFU Colony forming unit
CHP Combined heat and power
CHRV Central heat recovery ventilation
COP Coefficient of performance
CRE Contaminant removal effectiveness
DCV Demand controlled ventilation
DEHS DiEthylHexylSebacate
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung (Germany)
EER Energy efficiency ratio
EN European Standard
ENV European Prestandard
EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
ERV Energy recovery ventilator
ESCO Energy service company
ESP Electrostatic precipitator
ETS Environmental tobacco smoke
EUROVENT European Committee of Air Handling and Refrigerating
Equipment
Manufacturers
EVHA European Ventilation Hygiene Association (Europe)
FiSIAQ Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Finland)
FM Facilities management
HEPAF High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter
HR Heat recovery
HRV Heat recovery ventilator
HVAC Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
HVACR Heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
IAQ Indoor air quality
IDA Indoor air; the abbreviation of IAQ classes defined in EN 13779
IEQ Indoor environment quality
IRR Internal rate of revenue
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LCC Life Cycle Cost
LHRV Local heat recovery ventilation
MPPS Most Penetrating Particle Size
mVOC Microbial volatile organic compound
NPV Net present value
NR Noise rating
nZEB Nearly zero energy building (EPBD recast, 2010/31/EC)
nZEB Nearly net zero energy building
ODA Outdoor Air; the abbreviation of IAQ classes defined in EN 13779
PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
PAQ Perceived air quality
PMV Predicted mean vote
PPD Predicted percentage of dissatisfied
PPM Parts per million
prEN Draft European Standard
SBS Sick Building Syndrome
SC Shading coefficient
SFP Specific fan power
STI Speech Transmission Index
TABS Thermally-active building system
TBS Tight building syndrome
TOC Total amount of all organic compounds
TSP Total mass of suspended particles
TVOCs Total volatile organic compounds
UVC Ultra Violet light referring to light spectrum C(wavelength 280-100nm)
VAV Variable air volume
VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (Germany)
VOCs Volatile organic compounds
VRF Variable refrigerent flow
ZEB Net zero energy building
3.3 WEATHER DESIGN DATA
The CRS-ITP2 building was under the NCR Region which equivalent to the
Weather data of Manila, Luzon, Philippines is at 14°34'N, 120°58'E, 18 m
(59 ft). Manila, Luzon has a tropical wet and dry/ savanna climate
(Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw) with a pronounced dry season in the
low-sun months , no cold season, wet season is in the high-sun months.
Table 1 and graph below shows the weather data.

TABLE 1
TABLE 2
3.4 INTERNAL LOAD SCHEDULE

Internal heat gains from people, lights, motors, appliances, and equipment

can contribute the majority of the cooling load in a modern building. As

building envelopes have improved in response to more restrictive energy

codes, internal loads have increased because of factors such as increased

use of computers and the advent of dense-occupancy spaces. Internal

heat gain calculation techniques are identical for both heat balance (HB)

and radiant time series (RTS) in reference to cooling-load temperature

difference calculation methods (CLTD) of ASHRAE, so internal heat gain

data are presented here independent of calculation methods.

(a) Internal Load (People) [14]

Based on ASHRAE Chapter 18-18.3

Given on Table 1 of ASHARE, representative rates at which sensible heat

and moisture are emitted by humans in different states of activity. In high-

density spaces, such as auditoriums, these sensible and latent heat gains

comprise a large fraction of the total load. Even for short term occupancy,

the extra sensible heat and moisture introduced by people may be

significant. On table 3, summarizes design data for common conditions.

The conversion of sensible heat gain from people to space cooling load is

affected by the thermal storage characteristics of that space because

some percentage of the sensible load is radiant energy. Latent heat gains

are usually considered instantaneous, but research is yielding practical

models and data for the latent heat storage of and release from common

building materials.
(b) Internal Load (Lighting) [15]

Because lighting is often a major space cooling load component, an

accurate estimate of the space heat gain it imposes is needed. Calculation

of this load component is not straightforward; the rate of cooling load from

lighting at any given moment can be quite different from the heat

equivalent of power supplied instantaneously to those lights, because of

heat storage.

Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting

The primary source of heat from lighting comes from light-emitting

elements, or lamps, although significant additional heat may be generated

from ballasts and other appurtenances in the luminaries. Generally, the

instantaneous rate of sensible heat gain from electric lighting may be

calculated from

Qlighting = W * Flighting *Fsl Equation ------------ (1)

Where:

Qlighting = heat gain, W

W = total light wattage, W

Flighting = lighting use factor

Fsl = lighting special allowance factor

The total light wattage is obtained from the ratings of all lamps installed,

both for general illumination and for display use. Ballasts are not included,

but are addressed by a separate factor. Wattages of magnetic ballasts are

significant; the energy consumption of high efficiency electronic ballasts

might be insignificant compared to that of the lamps.

The lighting use factor is the ratio of wattage in use, for the conditions

under which the load estimate is being made, to total installed wattage. For

commercial applications such as stores, the use factor is generally 1.0.

The special allowance factor is the ratio of the lighting fixtures’ power

consumption, including lamps and ballast, to the nominal power

consumption of the lamps. For incandescent lights, this factor is 1. For

fluorescent lights, it accounts for power consumed by the ballast as well as

the ballast’s effect on lamp power consumption. The special allowance

factor can be less than 1 for electronic ballasts that lower electricity

consumption below the lamp’s rated power consumption.

An alternative procedure is to estimate the lighting heat gain on a per

square foot basis. Such an approach may be required when final lighting

plans are not available. Table 2 shows the maximum lighting power density

(LPD) (lighting heat gain per square metre) allowed by ASHRAE Standard

90.1-2007 for a range of space types.

(c ) Internal Load (Appliances) [16]

Based on ASHRAE Chapter 18-18.6

A cooling load estimate should take into account heat gain from all

appliances. Often, the only information available about heat gain from

equipment is that on its nameplate, which can overestimate actual heat

gain for many types of appliances.

Office Equipment

Computers, printers, copiers, etc., can generate very significant heat

gains, sometimes greater than all other gains combined. Miscellaneous

office equipment, in Table 10 & 11/ Pages 18.3, presents data on

miscellaneous office equipment and load factor for various types of offices.
(d) Internal Load (Infiltration) [17]

Principles of estimating infiltration in buildings, with emphasis on the

heating season, Infiltration is the flow of outdoor air into a building through

cracks and other unintentional openings and through the normal use of

exterior doors for entrance and egress. Infiltration is also known as air

leakage into a building. The ASHRAE Standard 62.1 is the accepted

standard of compliance, for HVAC ventilation and infiltration criteria in

commercial, institutional and high-rise residential buildings.

Standard 62.1 Outdoor Air Rates
(Table 61)
IP SI Default
Occupant
Density
Occupancy
Category Rp Ra Rp Ra (L/s- #/1000 ft2
(cfm/per (cfm/ft2 (L/s- m2) (#/100 m2)
) ) per)

Art classroom 10 0.18 5 0.9 20

Auditorium seating
area 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 150

Bank vaults/safe
deposit 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 5

Banks or bank
lobbies 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 15
Barbershop 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 25

Barracks sleeping
areas 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 20

Bars, cocktail
lounges 7.5 0.18 3.8 0.9 100

Beauty and nail

salons 20 0.12 10 0.6 25

Bedroom/living
room 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 10
Booking/waiting 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 50

Bowling alley
(seating) 10 0.12 5 0.6 40
Break rooms 5 0.06 2.5 0.6 25

Cafeteria/fast-food
dining 7.5 0.18 3.8 0.9 100
Cell 5 0.12 2.5 0.6 25

Classrooms (age 9
plus) 10 0.12 5 0.6 35

Classrooms (ages
5–8) 10 0.12 5 0.6 25
Coffee stations 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 20

Coin-operated
laundries 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.6 20
Common corridors 0 0.06 0 0.3  

Computer (not
printing) 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 4
Computer lab 10 0.12 5 0.6 25
Conference/meetin
g 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 50
Corridors 0 0.06 0 0.3 0
Courtrooms 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 70

Daycare (through
age 4) 10 0.18 5 0.9 25
Daycare sickroom 10 0.18 5 0.9 25
Dayroom 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 30
Disco/dance floors 20 0.06 10 0.3 100
Dwelling unit 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 2
Electrical
equipment rooms 0 0.06 0 0.3 0
Elevator machine
rooms 0 0.12 0 0.6 0
Gambling casinos 7.5 0.18 3.8 0.9 120
Game arcades 7.5 0.18 3.8 0.9 20
General
manufacturing
(excludes heavy
industrial and
processes using
chemicals) 10 0.18 5 0.9 7
Guard stations 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 15
Gym, stadium (play
area) 0 0.3 0 1.5 30
Health
club/aerobics room 20 0.06 10 0.3 40
Health club/weight
rooms 20 0.06 10 0.3 10
Kitchen (cooking) 7.5 0.12 3.8 0.6 20
Laundry rooms
within dwelling
units 5 0.12 2.5 0.6 10
Laundry rooms,
central 5 0.12 2.5 0.6 10
Lecture classroom 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 65
Lecture hall (fixed
seats) 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 150
Legislative
chambers 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 50
Libraries 5 0.12 2.5 0.6 10
Lobbies 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 150
Lobbies/prefunction 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 30
Main entry lobbies 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 10
Mall common areas 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 40
Media center 10 0.12 5 0.6 25
Multipurpose
assembly 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 120
Multi-use assembly 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 100
Museums
(children’s) 7.5 0.12 3.8 0.6 40
Museums/galleries 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 40
Music/theater/danc
e 10 0.06 5 0.3 35
Occupiable storage
rooms for liquids or
gels 5 0.12 2.5 0.6 2
Occupiable storage
rooms for dry
materials 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 2
Office space 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 5
Pet shops (animal
areas) 7.5 0.18 3.8 0.9 10
Pharmacy (prep.
area) 5 0.18 2.5 0.9 10
Photo studios 5 0.12 2.5 0.6 10
Places of religious
worship 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 120
Places of religious
worship 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 120
Reception areas 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 30

Restaurant dining
rooms 7.5 0.18 3.8 0.9 70
Sales 7.5 0.12 3.8 0.6 15
Science laboratories 10 0.18 5 0.9 25
Shipping/receiving   0.12 5 0.6 0

Sorting, packing,
light assembly 7.5 0.12 3.8 0.6 7
Spectator areas 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 150

Sports arena (play

area) 0 0.3 0 1.5 0
Stages, studios 10 0.06 5 0.3 70
Storage rooms 0 0.12 0 0.6 0
Supermarket 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 8

Swimming (pool &

deck) 0 0.48 0 2.4 0
Telephone closets 0 0 0 0 0
Telephone/data
entry 5 0.06 2.5 0.3 60

Transportation
waiting 7.5 0.06 3.8 0.3 100

University/college
laboratories 10 0.18 5 0.9 25
Warehouses 0 0.06 5 0.3 0
Wood/metal shop 10 0.18 5 0.9 20
General equation for Air leakage

q =ρ* Cp * ∆T *ACH Equation -------------- (2)

where;

q = heat flow, Btu/hr, KJ/s

Cp = specific heat of air, 0.24 Btu/lbs -°F, 1.005Kj/Kg-°K

∆T = temperature differential, °F, °C

Under normal conditions in a home:

ρ = Density of Air, 13.5 lb/ft3, 1.205 kg/ m3

ACH = Air change per hour

Infiltration Equation,

I = Rp * No. of Person (by People) Equation ---------------- (3)

I = Ra * Floor Area (by Space) Equation ---------------- (4)

Thermal conduction through walls and roofs

The conduction occurs when there is a temperature difference over a

medium. In the morning, the outside air is cooler than that is in the rooms. Thus

indoor air loses its energy though walls and roofs. In comparison, the higher

temperature at outside during daytime causes energy to move into the rooms.

Since the building has good insulation, heat gains from conductions are low. The

thermal conductions between rooms are neglected since the temperatures in all

rooms will be maintained at the same.

The equations of the thermal conduction of walls and roofs in different

constructions are describes as below.

Based on ASHRAE Chapter 18-18.26

q = U * A * ∆T Equation ---------------- (5)

q = A * ∆T / R

where:

q = heat flow, Btu/hr, W

A = surface area, ft2, m2

U = overall coefficient of overall heat transfer between adjacent and conditioned

space, W/(m2-°K), Btu/ft2-hr-°F

R = resistance, ft2-hr-°F/Btu, m2-°K/W

∆T = temperature differential, °F, °C

Conduction time factors for representative wall and roof types are included in

Tables 16 & 17 of ASHRAE, 18.24/18.26.

3.5 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

All building construction materials for CRS-ITP2 project were

shown in Architectural drawing from Legends symbol and abbreviation.

3.6 DETAILED LOAD CALCULATIONS

Load calculations involve a systematic and stepwise procedure that

takes into account all the relevant building energy flows. The cooling load

experienced by a building varies in magnitude from zero (no cooling

required) to a maximum value. The design cooling load is a load near the

maximum magnitude, but is not normally the maximum. Design cooling load

takes into account all the loads experienced by a building under a specific

set of assumed conditions.

The assumptions behind design cooling load are as follows:

1. Design outside conditions is selected from a long-term statistical

database. The conditions will not necessarily represent any actual year, but

are representative of the location of the building. Design data for outside

conditions for various locations of the world have been collected and are

available in tabular form in various handbooks.

2. The load on the building due to solar radiation is estimated for

clear sky conditions.

3. The building occupancy is assumed to be at full design capacity.

4. All building equipment and appliances are considered to be operating at a

reasonably representative capacity.

Figure 1 shows various components that constitute the cooling load on a

building.

3.7 Summary of Cooling Load & Ventilation Calculations

 CHAPTER 4

ECONOMIC ASPECT

4.1 Bill of Quantities

Table 4.1
ITEM
DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT
NO.
           
1 EQUIPMENT SUPPLY        
           
1.1 VRF EQUIPMENT      
13,061,940.06
PUCY-P1300YSKA.TH-
  PC
R1 1.00 968,851.82 968,851.82
PUCY-EP1100YSKA.TH-
  PC
R1 2.00 821,247.41 1,642,494.83
PUCY-EP1050YSKA.TH-
  PC
R1 3.00 784,308.62 2,352,925.86
PUCY-EP1000YSKA.TH-
  PC
R1 1.00 714,351.06 714,351.06
PUCY-EP700YSKA.TH-
  PC
R1 2.00 526,113.98 1,052,227.96
  PLFY-P125VBM-EBA PC
1.00 45,909.65 45,909.65
  PLFY-P80VBM-EBA PC
7.00 41,235.76 288,650.30
  PLFY-P63VBM-EBA PC
48.00 37,240.34 1,787,536.14
  PLFY-P50VBM-EBA PC
37.00 35,883.40 1,327,685.83
  PLFY-P40VBM-EBA PC
30.00 34,903.39 1,047,101.76
  PLFY-P40VLMD-E PC
1.00 40,125.26 40,125.26
  PKFY-P50VHM-ER2 PC
4.00 27,817.17 111,268.70
  PKFY-P40VHM-ER2 PC
9.00 26,309.47 236,785.21
  PEFY-P250VMH-E-F PC
1.00 103,504.01 103,504.01
  PEFY-P200VMH-E-F PC
3.00 88,954.65 266,863.95

  PEFY-P140VMH-E-F PC
2.00 77,797.63 155,595.25

  PAR-31MAAE-J PC 143.
3,920.04 560,565.06
00

  CMY-Y302S-G2 PC 12.0
3,196.34 38,356.04
0

  CMY-Y202S-G2 PC 10.0
2,713.87 27,138.71
0

  CMY-Y102LS-G2 PC 48.0
2,171.10 104,212.63
0

  CMY-Y102SS-G2 PC 64.0
2,171.10 138,950.18
0

  PAC-KE04DM-F PC
6.00 2,774.18 16,645.07

  PAC-KE250TB-F PC
5.00 3,558.19 17,790.93

  PAC-KE140TB-F PC
1.00 3,075.72 3,075.72

  PAC-KE85LAF PC
5.00 2,291.71 11,458.56

  PAC-KE89LAF PC
1.00 1,869.56 1,869.56
           
1.2 VRF PRECISION TYPE      
4,505,748.99
  AXU MOD 50 SET
3.00 1,501,916.33 4,505,748.99
           
SPLIT TYPE
1.3      
(INVERTER) 254,802.30
MSZ-GC35NA-C1 /
  SET
MUZ-GC35NA-C1 5.00 42,215.77 211,078.83
MSZ-GC60NA-C1 /
  SET
MUZ-GC60NA-C1 2.00 21,861.74 43,723.47
           
1.4 VENTILATING FANS      
184,633.65
  VD-10Z4T3 PC
4.00 2,336.94 9,347.78

  VD-15Z4T3 PC 25.0
2,929.17 73,229.25
0

  VD-18Z4T3 PC 21.0
3,166.18 66,489.83
0
  VD-20Z4T3 PC
5.00 4,900.04 24,500.22
  VD-23ZP4T3 PC
1.00 7,312.38 7,312.38
  EX-20SHC4T PC
3.00 1,251.40 3,754.19
           
AIR HANDLING UNIT
1.5      
(AIRETECH) 11,168,024.14
  1F.A & 1F.B SET
2.00 1,902,412.29 3,804,824.58
  2F.A & 2F.B SET
2.00 2,139,473.92 4,278,947.84
  2F.C & 2F.D SET
2.00 1,542,125.86 3,084,251.72
           
WINDOW TYPE
1.6      
(KOLIN) 67,900.00
  WAC-1 & 2 PC
2.00 33,950.00 67,900.00
 CENTRIFUGAL FANS
1.7      
(NIAGARA) 674,739.86

  PF-1 PC
1.00 64,580.07 64,580.07

  PF-2 PC
1.00 72,495.53 72,495.53

  PF-3 PC
1.00 60,056.95 60,056.95

  SEF-1 & 2 PC
2.00 44,728.61 89,457.22

  FAF-UF PC
1.00 56,036.40 56,036.40

  FAF-RD PC
1.00 57,167.18 57,167.18

  EF-UF PC
1.00 62,444.15 62,444.15

  EF-TR.1 & 2 PC
2.00 80,258.96 160,517.91

  EF-RD PC
1.00 51,984.44 51,984.44
           
VARIABLE AIR
1.8      
VOLUME (BARCOL) 1,000,458.00

  VAV-2F.4, 10 PC
2.00 28,682.90 57,365.80

  VAV-1F.2, 7, 2F.3, 9 PC
4.00 29,652.90 118,611.60

  VAV-1F.4, 5, 2F.6, 7 PC
4.00 32,174.90 128,699.60

  VAV-1F.1, 3, 6, 8 PC
4.00 64,378.90 257,515.60

  VAV-2F.2, 5, 8, 11 PC
4.00 70,586.90 282,347.60

  VAV-2F.1, 12 PC
2.00 77,958.90 155,917.80
           
Subtotal: Equipment
       
Cost 30,918,247.0
2 INSTALLATION        
           
AIRCON /
2.1      
VENTILATION LABOR 796,550.86
AIR COOLED
         
CONDENSING UNITS
  PC
ACCU-3F (34TR) 1.00 21,729.34 21,729.34
  PC
ACCU/4F.1 (20.7TR) 1.00 13,920.42 13,920.42
  PC
ACCU-4F.2 (20.7TR) 1.00 13,920.42 13,920.42
  PC
ACCU-5F (30.4TR) 1.00 18,900.97 18,900.97
  PC
ACCU-6F (32.4TR) 1.00 20,751.98 20,751.98
  PC
ACCU-7F (32.4TR) 1.00 20,751.98 20,751.98
  PC
ACCU-8F (32.4TR) 1.00 20,751.98 20,751.98
  PC
ACCU CA.1 (34TR) 1.00 21,729.34 21,729.34
  PC
ACCU-CA.2 (39.8TR) 1.00 25,634.80 25,634.80
  FAN COIL UNIT        
FCU/3F.1 (1.3TR)
  PC
WallMounted 1.00 696.12 696.12
  PC
FCU/3F.2 (1.6TR) WM 1.00 736.01 736.01
FCU/3F.4 to 3F.15
  PC
(2.1TR) CeilingCassette 12.00 985.34 11,824.08
FCU/3F.3 & 3F.18
  PC
(2.6TR) CC 2.00 1,091.05 2,182.11
FCU/4F.1 to 4F.12
  PC
(1.6TR) CC 12.00 949.44 11,393.24
FCU/4F.13 to 4F.24
  PC
(1.6TR) CC 12.00 949.44 11,393.24
FCU/5F.16 & 5F.17
  PC
(1.3TR) WM 2.00 696.12 1,392.24
FCU/5F.18 (1.6TR)
  PC
WM 1.00 736.01 736.01
FCU/5F.1 to 5F.8,
  5F.11, 5F.15 & 5F.19 PC
11.00 10,158.58
(1.3TR) CC 923.51
5F.12 (1.3TR) 2-WAY
  PC
CC 1.00 1,063.13 1,063.13
  FCU/5F.13 to 5F.14 PC
(2.1TR) CC 2.00 985.34 1,970.68
  PC
FCU/5F.9 (2.6TR) CC 1.00 1,091.05 1,091.05
  FCU/5F.10 ( 3.9TR) PC
CC 1.00 1,214.72 1,214.72
  FCU/6F.1 To 6F.8 PC
(1.6TR) CC 8.00 949.44 7,595.50

  FCU/6F.9 to 6F.18 PC 10.0

9,853.40
(2.1TR) CC 0 985.34
  PC
FCU/7F.7 (1.3TR) CC 1.00 923.51 923.51

  FCU/7F.1 to 7F.6, 7F.8 PC 15.0

14,780.10
to 7F.16 (2.1TR) CC 0 985.34
  FCU/8F.10 & 8F.19 PC
(1.3TR) WM 2.00 696.12 1,392.24
FCU/8F.5, 8F.7 to
  8F.9, 8F.11 to 8F.16 PC 10.0
9,235.07
(1.3TR) CC 0 923.51
  FCU/8F.6, 8F.17 & PC
8F.18 (1.6TR) CC 3.00 949.44 2,848.31
  FCU/8F.1 to 8F.4 PC
(2.6TR) CC 4.00 1,091.05 4,364.22
  FCU/8F.20 & 8F.21 PC
(1.3TR) WM 2.00 696.12 1,392.24
FCU/8F.22, 7F.18,
  6F.20 & 5F.21 (1.3TR) PC
4.00 3,694.03
CC 923.51
FCU/8F.23,
  FCU/7F.17, 6F.19 & PC
4.00 3,941.36
5F.20 (2.1TR) CC 985.34
  FAI/5F & FAI/8F PC
(3.5TR) Ducted Type 2.00 2,058.44 4,116.89
  FAI/6F & FAI/7F PC
(6.4TR) Ducted Type 2.00 2,353.65 4,707.29
  FCU/GF.1 & 1F.1 PC
(1.3TR) WM 2.00 696.12 1,392.24
  FCU/1F.4, PC
2F.1(1.6TR) WM 2.00 736.01 1,472.03

  FCU/4F.26, 3F.17, PC
2F.3 & 1F.3 (1.3TR) CC 4.00 923.51 3,694.03

  FCU/GF.2 & GF.3 PC

2.00 1,898.87
(1.6TR) CC 949.44
FCU/4F.25, 3F.16,
  2F.2, 1F.2 &GF.4 PC
5.00 4,926.70
(2.1TR) CC 985.34

  FAI/3F (6.4TR) PC
1.00 2,353.65
Ducted Type 2,353.65

  FAI/4F (7.9TR) PC
1.00 2,738.61
Ducted Type 2,738.61

SPLIT TYPE (Wall-

  Mounted, Hermetically      
Sealed Swing Type)  

  ACCU-MDF.1/FCU- PC
1.00 578.44
MDF.1 (1.6TR) 578.44

  ACCU-MDF.2/FCU- PC
1.00 578.44
MDF.2 (1.6TR) 578.44

ACCU-T1.1/FCU-
  T1.1, ACCU-GF.5/FCU- PC
2.00 2,233.97
GF.5 (1TR) 1,116.98

  ACCU-T1.2/FCU- PC
T1.2 (1TR) 1.00 1,116.98 1,116.98

  ACCU-T2.1/FCU- PC
1.00 1,116.98
T2.1 (1TR) 1,116.98

  ACCU-T2.2/FCU- PC
T2.2 (1TR) 1.00 1,116.98 1,116.98

  AIR HANDLING UNIT      

(Indoor & Outdoor unit)  

  AHU/1F.A & PC
2.00 101,913.54
AHU/1F.B (34TR) 50,956.77
  AHU/2F.A & AHU/2F.B PC
(42TR) 2.00 57,229.17 114,458.34

  AHU/2F.C & PC
AHU/2F.D (25TR) 2.00 41,423.97 82,847.94
  PACU        

  PACU-5F.1, 5F.2 & PC 3

5F.3 (15TR) Downblast 24,525.79 73,577.37

  ACCU-PACU-5F.1, PC 3
5F.2 & 5F.3 ,R410A 15,213.33 45,639.99
  FANS AND BLOWERS        

  Cassette-Type Toilet      
Exhaust Fan  
  TEF-3F.1, 8F.7, 8F.8 & PC
8F.9 4.00 61.83 247.33

TEF-1F.8, 2F.7, 3F.6,

  4F.5, 5F.5, 6F.5, 7F.5, PC
9.00 682.16
8F.1 & 8F.6 75.80

TEF-3F.4, 3F.5, 4F.3,

  4F.4, 5F.3, 5F.4, 6F.3, PC 12.0
6F.4, 7F.3, 7F.4, 8F.4 & 933.48
0
8F.5 77.79
  TEF/1F.6, 1F.7, 2F.5 & PC
2F.6 4.00 77.79 311.16

TEF/1F.1, 1F.2, 1F.3,

1F.4, 2F.3, 2F.4, 2F.8,
  2F.9, 2F.10, 3F.2, 3F.3, PC 21.0
1,759.25
4F.1, 4F.2, 5F.1, 5F.2, 0
5F.1, 6F.2, 7F.1, 7F.2,
8F.2 & 8F.3 83.77
  TEF/1F.9, 1F.10, PC
1F.11, 2F.1 & 2F.2 5.00 129.65 648.25

  PC
TEF/1F.5 1.00 193.48 193.48

  Wall-Mounted Type      
Toilet Exhaust Fan  
  PC
TEF/GF.1 1.00 75.80 75.80
  Exhaust Fan (Tubular      
Belt Driven)  

  PC
1.00 77.79
EF/UF 77.79

  PC
1.00 3,450.50
EF/TR.1 3,450.50

  PC
1.00 3,450.50
EF/TR.2 3,450.50

  Exhaust Fan (In-Line      

Centrifugal)  

  PC
1.00 1,100.43
EF-RD 1,100.43

  Pressurization Fan      
(Centrifugal Fan Type)  

  PC
1.00 1,708.72
PF/1 1,708.72

  PC
1.00 1,918.16
PF/2 1,918.16

  PC
1.00 1,589.04
PF/3 (Fireman's Lift) 1,589.04

  Smoke Extraction Fan      

(Centrifugal Fan Type)  

  PC
2.00 2,366.94
SEF/1 & SEF/2 1,183.47
  Fresh Air Fan        
FAF/UF (Tubular Belt
  Driven) 300W, PC
1.00 1,482.66
3500CFM 1,482.66
FAF-RD (Centrifugal
  Fan Type) 300W, PC
1.00 1,100.43
2400CFM 1,100.43

  Wall-Mounted Type      
Exhaust Fan  
   PC
EF/GF.1 1.00 129.65 129.65

  PC
EF/GF.2 1.00 129.65 129.65
  Window Type AC        

  WAC-RD.1, WAC-RD.2 PC
(2TR) 2.00 220.34 440.68
  VARIABLE AIR VOLUME        

  PC
VAV/1F.1 to 1F.8 8.00 1,351.35 10,810.81

  PC
12.00 9,633.99
VAV/2F.1 to 2F.12 802.83
           

  SET
ACCESSORIES 1.00 45,695.84 45,695.84
           
           
REFRIGERANT PIPE
2.2      
WORKS & INSULATION 2,549,379.46

  SET
ACCU/SYSTEM-3F 1.00 294,377.44 294,377.44

  SET
ACCU SYSTEM-4F.1 1.00 185,202.21 185,202.21

  SET
ACCU/SYSTEM-4F.2 1.00 184,734.56 184,734.56

  SET
ACCU/SYSTEM-5F 1.00 228,918.45 228,918.45

  SET
ACCU/SYSTEM-6F 1.00 234,661.70 234,661.70

  SET
ACCU/SYSTEM-7F 1.00 225,339.24 225,339.24

  SET
ACCU/SYSTEM-8F 1.00 206,860.89 206,860.89

ACCU-CA.1/SYSTEM
  HIGH LEVEL COMMON SET
1.00 188,076.89 188,076.89
AREA
 ACCU-CA.2/SYSTEM
  LOW LEVEL COMMON SET
1.00 313,957.67 313,957.67
AREA

  SYSTEM 1 F.A & SET

1F.B(AHU SYSTEM) 1.00 50,832.56 50,832.56

  SYSTEM 1 2F.A & SET

2F.B(AHU SYSTEM) 1.00 71,883.84 71,883.84

  SYSTEM 1 2F.C & SET

2F.D(AHU SYSTEM) 1.00 73,022.40 73,022.40

  SET
PACU System 1.00 325,274.53 325,274.53

  SET
Split Type A/C System 1.00 93,706.05 93,706.05
           
           
CONDENSATE DRAIN
2.3 PIPE WORKS AND      
231,085.12
INSULATION

  LM 240.
204.60 49,104.03
00
PVC pipe 1" dia.

  PC 210.
65.47 13,749.13
00
PVC coupling 1" dia.

  PC 752.
114.58 86,161.20
00
PVC elbow 1" dia.

  PC 240.
Rubber insulation 1" x 180.05 43,211.55
00
3/8" thick

  ROLL 140.
P.E tape (vapor barrier) 360.10 50,413.47
00
blue 3" width
 AIRCONDITIONING
2.4      
DUCT WORKS 5,172,137.52

Ducting
  Works(Ventilation SET
1.00 406,166.93 406,166.93
System/SEF)
Ducting
  Works(Ventilation SET
1.00 291,160.72 291,160.72
System/PF)
Ducting
  Works(Ventilation SET
1.00 344,699.67 344,699.67
System/TEF/EF/FAF)

  Ducting Works(Air- SET

1.00 1,298,831.99 1,298,831.99
condtioning System
System/FAI)

  Ducting SET
1.00 2,300,306.41 2,300,306.41
Works(SAD/AHU)

  Ducting SET
1.00 789,578.67 789,578.67
Works(RAD/AHU)
           

           
ELECTRICAL
2.5 CONTROLS &      
1,664,046.84
ROUGHING-INS
VRF/VRV System
  (Outdoor) Electrical SET
1.00 751,022.21 751,022.21
Works
VRF/VRV System
  (Indoor) Electrical SET
1.00 582,088.61 582,088.61
Works
Split Type A/C
  System/VAV Electrical SET
1.00 76,049.55 76,049.55
Works

  Ventilation System SET

1.00 338,088.80 338,088.80
Electrical Works
 HANGERS &
2.6      
SUPPORTS 1,413,440.61
Air-condtioning System
  Hanger & Support(FAI SET
1.00 160,607.95 160,607.95
Duct Works)
Air-condtioning System
  Hanger & Support(AHU SET
1.00 363,369.82 363,369.82
SAD/RAD Duct Works)
Air-condtioning System
Hanger &
  SET
Support(VRF/VRF Pipe 1.00 628,229.40 628,229.40
Works)
Air-condtioning System
  Hanger & Support(Split SET
1.00 155,130.96 155,130.96
Type/Drain)
  Ventilation System SET
Hanger & Support 1.00 176,774.51 176,774.51
           
           
GENERAL
2.7      
REQUIREMENTS 441,695.79

  Mobilization/Demobilizati SET
on/Deliveries 1.00 62,953.88 62,953.88

  SET
Temporary Facilities 1.00 37,772.33 37,772.33

  SET
Bonds and Insurances 1.00 337,872.81 337,872.81

  SET
Mechanical Permits 1.00 25,181.55 25,181.55
           
TESTING &
2.8 COMMISSIONING OF      
613,416.81
WHOLE HVAC SYSTEM
           
Subtotal: Installation
       
Cost 12,881,753.0
           
           
GRAND TOTAL COST
       
(VAT INCLUSIVE) 43,800,000.00
4.2 Revenue per year

In reference in Table 1 the average revenue from year 2013 to 2015 was Eight

hundred three million seven hundred forty eight thousand ninety seven and

66/100. (P803,748,097.66)

4.3 Operational cost per year

In reference to the schedule of equipment the below table shows the power

consumption cost.

Equipment power consumption cost

Airconditionin Qty Power Equipment Total Power Electrical
g Unit / consumption usage consumption cost @
system (KW) hours per P12.00 /
day KW-hr

VRF System - 1 1.029 10 10.29 123.48

FCU 3F

VRF System - 1 32.7 10 327 3924

ACCU 3F

VRF System - 12 0.05 10 6 72

FCU 4F.1

VRF System - 1 17.7 10 177 2124

ACCU 4F.1

VRF System - 12 0.05 10 6 72

FCU 4F.2
VRF System - 1 17.7 10 177 2124
ACCU 4F.2
VRF System - 1 1.009 10 10.09 121.08
FCU 5F
VRF System - 1 28.9 10 289 3468
ACCU 5F
VRF System - 1 1.06 10 10.6 127.2
FCU 6F
VRF System - 1 30.8 10 308 3696
ACCU 6F
VRF System - 1 1.032 10 10.32 123.84
FCU 7F
VRF System - 1 30.8 10 308 3696
ACCU 7F
VRF System - 1 1.008 10 10.08 120.96
FCU 8F
VRF System - 1 30.8 10 308 3696
ACCU 8F
VRF System - 1 1.53 10 15.3 183.6
FCU High level

VRF System - 1 32.7 10 327 3924

ACCU High
level
VRF System - 1 1.526 10 15.26 183.12
FCU Low level
VRF System - 1 41.4 10 414 4968
ACCU Low
level
VRV System - 1 7.5 10 75 900
FCU 1F
VRF System - 1 34.8 10 348 4176
ACCU 1F
VRV System - 1 16.5 10 165 1980
FCU 2F
VRF System - 1 73.9 10 739 8868
ACCU 2F
Split type units 1 6.52 10 65.2 782.4
- FCU
Split type units 1 5.12 10 51.2 614.4
- ACCU
PACU Units 3 48 24 3456 41472
Ventillating 1 13.97 10 139.7 1676.4
Units
VAV Units 1 1.27 10 12.7 152.4
The total cost consume per day was P. 93,368.88

Thus,

Total cost per year = 93,368.88/day X 20 day/month X 12 month/year

=P. 22,408,531.2 /year

4.4 Maintenance cost

Assume 30% of the total project cost will be the maintenance per year.

Thus,

Maintenance cost = 43,800,000 X 30% = P. 13,140,000.00 /year

4.5 Return of Investment (ROI)

Net gross income per year = 803,748,097.66 – (22,408,531.2

+13,140,000.00)

= P. 768,199,566.46

ROI = Project cost / Net gross income per year

= 43,800,000.00 / 768,199,566.46

= 0.057 year

Result of the ROI, which is 0.057 year, shows a very positive investment

for the owner. Take note, however, that the theoretical income may

change on the actual operation.

 CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
During the preparation of this Engineering report with significant emphasis on
VRV/VRF system, it has been evaluated that Air-conditioning design for
Office building using VRV/VRF system is cost-efficient to use in building and
commercials offices. The project cost as well as demand for cooling can
acquired by using the VRF/VRV system considering the reference to cooling-
load temperature difference calculation methods (CLTD) of ASHRAE.

5.2 Conclusion
The author concludes that the manual Air-conditioning and ventilation design
calculation using the CLTD method in this engineering report will refresh us
the basic & standard engineering calculation approach & give us more
technical ideas in analyzing an electromechanical set-up & design.
It is the author’s wish that the reader will acquire a clear understanding of the
full context and meaning of this engineering report.

5.3 Recommendations
With the aid of computer Air-conditioning software application it is easy to
calculate the Cooling Load. However, in my opinion, an engineer should be
familiarized with the basic formulas and manual calculation to understand
how the software calculates its value and, to be able to double check its
accuracy. Basically, Air-conditioning software calculations are formulated
from the basic formulas and tables extracted from ASHRAE handbook and it
is more advantageous for engineers to learn and prepare the software
programming since prior knowledge of the basic formula has been obtained
earlier.
 References
1.^Merriam–Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
2.^Ventilation and Infiltration chapter, Fundamentals volume of the ASHRAE
Handbook, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2005.
3.^https://ppp.gov.ph/?press_releases=crs-itp2-building-groundbreaking-
ceremony
4.^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority
5.^https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/gad/article/RA
%2010625_IRR.pdf
6.^ https://psa.gov.ph/annual-reports
7.^ https://psa.gov.ph/psa-board
8.^"aircon Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary".
dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
9.^ Darling, David. "Earth cooling tube". daviddarling.info. Retrieved 1 March
2018.
10.^ McDowall, Robert (2006). Fundamentals of HVAC Systems. Elsevier. p.
3. ISBN 9780080552330.
11.^http://www.4fac.com/uncategorized/what-are-the-different-types-of-air-
conditioning-systems/
12.^ http://www.365ecology.com/energy-efficient-heating-cooling-vrf-system/
13.^Camfil Dictionary, Definition of Terms. May 2018
14.^ASHRAE, Chapter 18 “ Nonresidential cooling and heating load
calculation” 18.3
15.^ASHRAE, Chapter 18 “ Nonresidential cooling and heating load
calculation” 18.3-4-5
16.^ASHRAE, Chapter 18 “ Nonresidential cooling and heating load
calculation” 18.6
17.^ASHRAE, Chapter 18 “ Nonresidential cooling and heating load
calculation” 18.11
Design Drawings
APPENDICES
Supplementary Documents
Curriculum Vitae
Affidavit of Applicant
Certificate of Competency
Certificate of Experience
Detailed Description of Equipments