INTRODUCTION TO GEO-INFORMATICS

Muhammad Ahmed

Assistant Professor
Department of Urban & Infrastructure Engineering
NED University of Engineering & Technology-Karachi
University Road, Karachi - 75270, Pakistan
Telephone : (92-21) 99261261-8 EXT 2454
Fax : (92-21) 99261255 
email: [email protected]
UE-217: INTRODUCTION TO GEO-
INFORMATICS
Topic Contents
Geographic Fundamentals of GIS, Spatial Data types and acquiring
Information consideration. Data models and structures. Attribute-based operation,
System (GIS) Introduction to Spatial Analysis.
Ethical and legal issues of spatial data mapping
Remote Sensing Basic Concepts and principles, Satellite System, Aerial and Satellite
(RS) photogrammetry, Sensors, Types of Resolutions, Geo-referencing,
Image Processing Techniques. Classification
Global Navigational Satellites, Positioning Systems (GLONASS, GPS &
Positioning Galileo), Fundamentals and Elements of GPS, System Operation &
System Characteristics, Errors and Atmospheric effects. Differential GPS
(GPS) (DGPS)
Field and Training on GPS instruments based surveys, Integration of GPS data
Laboratory in GIS. Exercises on Image processing software and recent GIS
Work software. Demonstration on RS/GIS applications in engineering
disciplines
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME (CLOS)

Program Learning Outcome

Course Learning Outcome (CLOs) Taxonomy Level
(PLO)

1. Able to describe the fundamental principles of Geo-informatics. C2 Engineering Knowledge

2. Able to describe and handle spatial data and Geo-processing. C2, S3 Modern Tool Usage
COURSE PLAN-WEEKLY
Geographic Information System (GIS)
0 Fundamentals of GIS CLO-1

Spatial Data types and acquiring consideration. Data models and structures. Attribute-based CLO-1
1
operation
2 Introduction to Spatial Analysis CLO-2

3 Ethical and legal issues of spatial data mapping CLO-1

Remote Sensing (RS)

4 Basic Concepts and principles, CLO-1

5 Satellite System, Aerial and Satellite photogrammetry CLO-1

6 Sensors, Types of Resolutions CLO-1

7 Geo-referencing CLO-2

8 Image Processing Techniques. Classification. CLO-2

  Global Positioning System (GPS)

Fundamentals and Elements of GPS, Navigational Satellites, Positioning Systems (GLONASS, CLO-1
9 GPS &
Galileo)
CLO-1
10 System Operation & Characteristics, Errors and Atmospheric effects. Differential GPS (DGPS)
 FUNDAMENTAL OF GIS

Lecture Zero

Able to understand the Basic Concept of GIS

• What is GIS
What is Spatial Data
• Difference between Spatial and Non Spatial Data
• Why we need GIS?
• Student Name : Ahmed
• Seat Number : UE-17016
• Enrolment Number: PK/NED/2017/UE-17016
WHAT IS GIS?
• A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store,
manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data.
• The key word to this technology is Geography –

Graph
Earth

• this means that the data is linked with referenced to locations on the earth.

• GIS is more than just software. People and methods are combined with geospatial
software and tools, to enable spatial analysis, manage large datasets, and display
information in a map/graphical form.
Some Definitions
 An information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or
geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a system with specific
capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of operations for working
[analysis] with the data.
- Star and Estes, 1990
A GIS is a set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming, and
displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
-Peter Burrough 1986
 A working GIS integrates five key components: hardware,software, data, people,
and methods.
- ESRI, 1997

 Automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of
spatial data.
- Clarke, 1990
 A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and
displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth.
- Chorley, 1987
 
 Some Definitions
 A system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the
capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of
spatially-referenced data for solving complex planning and management
problems.
- NCGIA lecture by David Cowen, 1989

 An integrated package for the input, storage, analysis, and output of spatial
information... analysis being the most significant.
- Gaile and Willmott, 1989

 GIS are simultaneously the telescope, the microscope, the computer, and the
Xerox machine of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data.
- Abler, 1988

NED UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

• GIS is nothing but a Spatial Database Management System

e of at
t yp e th on
is a abas tion arth
GIS dat ma n e e
c e ter nfor s o c tim
n a
Si mpu ore i tion ecifi
Co n st loca a sp
ca act e in
ex rfac
Spa = Space su
Location (lat long)
tial = Time
COMPONENTS OF GIS

 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 People
 Policy and Protocols
WHAT IS EXACT LOCATION?
• Location are of two type
• Relative Location
• In daily life commonly use this type of location for identifying any address
• For example Pizzapoint which is located next to NED University
• Absolute Location (exact)
• Absolute Location or address or available in term of Numbers
• These Number are Lat and Long
LIMITATION OF RELATIVE ADDRESS/LOCATION
• For example Pizzapoint which is located next to NED University
• ? Which campus???
• Confusing
• Misguiding
• Where is Hyderabad located?
• Pakistan
• India
• Reason - Duplications of objects
ABSOLUTE LOCATION
INTRODUCTION TO GEO-INFORMATICS

Muhammad Ahmed

Assistant Professor
Department of Urban & Infrastructure Engineering
NED University of Engineering & Technology-Karachi
University Road, Karachi - 75270, Pakistan
Telephone : (92-21) 99261261-8 EXT 2454
Fax : (92-21) 99261255 
email: [email protected]
REFERENCE BOOKS
• Principles of Geographical Information System – Rolf A. de By, ITE Educational Textbook
Series 1, Published by The International Institute of Aerospace Surbey and Earth Science
(ITC). The Netherlands 2001

• Principles of Geographical Information System – Otto Huisman and Rolf A. de By, Published
by The International Institute for Geo-Informatics Science and Erath Observation (ITC), The
Netherlands 2009

• Advanced Surveying Total Station, GIS and Remote Sensing – Satheesh Gopi, R. Sathikumar
and N. Madhu, Published by PEARSON 2003

• Geographic Information System Basics - Jonathan Campbell, Michael Shin and Saylor
Foundation
GIS WORKFLOW

Spatial Database Management

Data Acquisition
(input)

System (SDBMS)
Processing
(Storage & retrieval)
Manipulation &
Analysis
Product Generation
(output/reporting)
THE FOUR MS IN GIS
 LEVELS OF USE OF A GIS

• Data management

• Analysis

• Prediction
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS OF GIS
• The fundamental operations of a GIS include
• The overlay operation
• Re-classification operations
• Distance and connectivity measurements
• Neighborhood characterization
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT IN GIS
Nominal: different
qualitative values which
cannot be ordered (land
cover)

Ordinal: ordered data but

not directly comparable
(landslide risk categories)

Interval/ratio: usual
measurements taking real
values (elevation)
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING LEVEL
• What is a Geographic Information System? Why is data in a GIS called geo referenced?
• What does the term spatial mean?
• Explain the concept of four Ms in a GIS.
• Explain the various levels of the use of a GIS
• Write the four fundamental operations of a GIS
• What are the components of a GIS? Explain
• Explain the workflow of a GIS with the help of a workflow diagram
• What are the levels of measurements in a GIS?
INTRODUCTION TO GEO-INFORMATICS

Muhammad Ahmed

Assistant Professor
Department of Urban & Infrastructure Engineering
NED University of Engineering & Technology-Karachi
University Road, Karachi - 75270, Pakistan
Telephone : (92-21) 99261261-8 EXT 2454
Fax : (92-21) 99261255 
email: [email protected]
 SPATIAL DATA

SPATIAL DATA TYPES

AND ACQUIRING CONSIDERATION.
DATA MODELS AND STRUCTURES. ATTRIBUTE-BASED
OPERATION

Lecture 2
Able to understand the Concept of Spatial Data
• What is Spatial Data
Types of Spatial Data
• Data Model and Structures
OVERVIEW
• Geo-Workspace

• “As on earth surface”

• Do you know the meaning of Pixel? – Picture Element

• Point line and polygon – Data Entry Operator (Vector)

• Raster and Vector Data

SPATIAL DATA

• Spatial Data of Two Types

• Raster-Pixel Based
• Vector-Point Based Geometry
• Attributes
• Geographic Coordinate System
• Geo-referencing and Geocoding
RASTER – VECTOR
VECTOR DATA
• Point, Line and Polygon

Polygon
Point

Line
ATTRIBUTES
 RASTER

Pixel Based Data

Information
available in form of
colour or Numbers

Small Pixel size –

Large Information
COORDINATE SYSTEM
• Geographic Coordinate System
• coordinate systems that span the entire globe (e.g.
latitude / longitude).
• Projected Coordinate System
• coordinate systems that are localized to minimize
visual distortion in a particular region (e.g. Robinson,
UTM, State Plane)
GEOREFERENCING AND GEOCODING

Process of fitting data to the appropriate coordinates

of the real world in Geo-Workspace
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING LEVEL
• What is Spatial Data? what are there types?.
• What are the Difference between Raster and Vector Data?
• What is an image data and how is it gathered?
• Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of vector data.
• Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of raster data.
• What is attribute data and how it is defined in GIS?
• What is the difference between GIS and CAD?
INTRODUCTION TO GEO-INFORMATICS

Muhammad Ahmed

Assistant Professor
Department of Urban & Infrastructure Engineering
NED University of Engineering & Technology-Karachi
University Road, Karachi - 75270, Pakistan
Telephone : (92-21) 99261261-8 EXT 2454
Fax : (92-21) 99261255 
email: [email protected]
SPATIAL DATA

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Lecture 3
Able to understand the Concept of Spatial Analysis
• Spatial Distribution of Data
Concept of Spatial Layering
• Data Analysis
SPATIAL DATA
GCPs Latitude Longitude
A 24.9289 67.1135
B 24.9308 67.1178
C 24.9323 67.1172
D 24.9328 67.1166
E 24.9341 67.1150
F 24.9365 67.1124
G 24.9353 67.1098
H 24.9339 67.1061
I 24.9319 67.1073
J 24.9330 67.1096
Place Latitude Longitude
UID 24.9310 67.1127
Auditorium 24.9320 67.1126
Masjid 24.9342 67.1110
Boys Hostel 24.9354 67.1128
DMS 24.9326 67.1143
Cricket Ground 24.9321 67.1154
Football 24.9315 67.1169
VC Office 24.9327 67.1103
 Boys Hostel

Masjid

VC Office DMS
Auditorium

Cricket Ground
Football
URB
AN
 LEVELS OF USE OF A GIS

• Data management
• This is the lower level of application, which is used to input and store data,
retrieve that data through spatial and conditional queries, and to display the
result.

• Analysis
• The second level of a GIS application is the analysis. Here the user uses the
spatial analysis capability of the system.
• Prediction
• The highest application level of GIS falls into the prediction category (What
if?). It is here that the data management and analysis capabilities of a GIS are
combined into a modelling operation.
DR. JOHN SNOW OF LONDON, SHOWING CLUSTERS OF
CHOLERA CASES IN THE 1854 BROAD STREET CHOLERA
OUTBREAK
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
• Finding the Shortest Path
• Nearest Facility?
• Incident Location?
• Flood Monitoring
• Loss Estimation
• Hot-Spot Identification
• Hazard Mapping
• Site Selection
• Coverage Area
• ………………………..many more
Spatial Analysis

Boys Hostel

Masjid

VC Office DMS
Auditorium

Cricket Ground
Football
URB
AN
SPATIAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
• Characteristics
• Geo-workspace
• Associated Database

• Popular Software
• ArcGIS
• QGIS
• Geo-Media Professional
ARCGIS
• A popular commercial GIS software is ArcGIS developed by ESRI (Environmental Systems
Research Institute)
• The ArcGIS desktop
• ArcMap 2-D Mapping
• ArcCatalog File Explorer
• ArcScene 3-D Visualization
• ArcGlobe Global Visualization of Data
INTRODUCTION TO GEO-INFORMATICS

Muhammad Ahmed

Assistant Professor
Department of Urban & Infrastructure Engineering
NED University of Engineering & Technology-Karachi
University Road, Karachi - 75270, Pakistan
Telephone : (92-21) 99261261-8 EXT 2454
Fax : (92-21) 99261255 
email: [email protected]
SPATIAL DATA

ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES OF SPATIAL DATA

MAPPING

Lecture 4
• The Science of Ethics
• Ethical Issues in The Use And Development
of GIS
• Legal Issues of Spatial Data in Pakistan
THE SCIENCE OF ETHICS

• Conduct - How people must to act (By-Rule)

• Behavior - How people act

• Moral - Intended to refer to conduct or volitional behavior in practice

• Ethics - The theory of conduct .