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DMS Mod-2 L1 Relation

This document discusses relations and properties of relations in discrete mathematics. It defines key concepts like ordered pairs, Cartesian products, domains and ranges of relations. Specifically, it explains that a relation R from sets A to B is a subset of the Cartesian product A x B. The domain of R is the set of first elements in ordered pairs in R, and the range is the set of second elements. Examples of different types of relations are also provided.

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97 views11 pages

DMS Mod-2 L1 Relation

This document discusses relations and properties of relations in discrete mathematics. It defines key concepts like ordered pairs, Cartesian products, domains and ranges of relations. Specifically, it explains that a relation R from sets A to B is a subset of the Cartesian product A x B. The domain of R is the set of first elements in ordered pairs in R, and the range is the set of second elements. Examples of different types of relations are also provided.

Uploaded by

Kush
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

Discrete Mathematics
Module II
Relation

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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

Module I:
 Relation and properties of relation

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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you will be able to

1.1 Explain Cross production

1.2 Differentiate between Relation and functions

1.3 Various properties of relation

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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

Relation
Introduction

We start by considering a simple example.


Let S denote the set of all students at AMITY University, Noida and
Let T denote the set of all teaching staff there.
For every student sS and every teaching staff tT, exactly one of the
following is true:

 s has attended a lecture given by t, or


 s has not attended a lecture given by t.

We now define a relation R as follows.


Let sS and tT.
We say that sRt if s has attended a lecture given by t. If we now look at
all possible pairs (s,t) of students and teaching staff, then some of these
pairs will satisfy the relation while other pairs may not.

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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

Relation
Introduction
Formally, we define a relation in terms of these “ordered pairs”.
Relations, as noted above, will be defined in terms of ordered pairs (a, b)
of elements, where a is designated as the first element and b as the
second element.

Some definitions required to define relation


Ordered Pair:
Let A and B are two sets and let aA and bB then a set of two elements
whose elements have been listed in a specific order is called an ordered
pair. It is denoted by (a,b).
Particularly:
For different a and b: (a,b)(b,a) and
If (a1,b1)=(a2,b2)  a1=a2 and b1=b2
Thus in case of relation (a,b)(b,a) unless a=b, whereas in case of Sets,
the order of elements is irrelevant; for example {2,3}={3,2}.
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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

Relation
Some definitions required to define relation

Definition2: (Cartesian product of two sets):


Let A and B be two nonempty sets. The set AB = {(a,b) : aA and bB}
is called the Cartesian product of the sets A and B. In other words, AB
is the set of all ordered pairs (a,b), where aA and bB. In short this
product AB is read as “A cross B”.
Example1
Let A = {1, 2} and B= {a, b, c}. Then
AB = {(1,a),(1,b),(1,c),(2,a),(2,b),(2,c)}
BXA = {(a, 1), (a, 2) (b, 1) (b, 2), (c, 1), (c, 2)}
And AXA = {(1, 1), (1,2),(2,1),(2,2)}
Clearly, from this example, we can note down the following points:
ABBA
If A has n elements and B has m elements than AB has m.n elements.
If A= and (or) B= then AB=
If AB=BA  A=B
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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

Relation
RELATION

Let A and B are two nonempty sets. A binary relation or, simply, relation
from A to B is a subset of A X B i.e.
R is a relation from A to B  R (AB)
 

Example1
Let A = {1, 2,3} and B= {a, b, c}
Then AB={(1,a),(1,b),(1,c),(2,a),(2,b),(2,c),(3,a),(3,b),(3,c)}
R1={(1,a),(1,c)}
R2={(1,a),(2,a),(2,c)}
R3={(3,c)} are all examples of relations from A to B.

Suppose R is a relation from A to B (i.e. R (AB)).


That is, for each pair aA and bB, exactly one of the following is true:
 (a,b)R, we then say “a is R-related to b”. We write aRb.
 (a, b)R, we then say “a is not R-related to b”.
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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

Relation
Domain and Range of a Relation
If R (AB) is a relation from AB, then
 Domain(R)={a: (a,b)R} and
 Range(R)={b: (a,b)R}.
 The domain of a relation R is the set of all first elements of the ordered
pairs which belong to R, and the range of R is the set of second
elements.

Example
Let A = {1, 2,3} and B= {a, b, c}
Then AB={(1,a),(1,b),(1,c),(2,a),(2,b),(2,c),(3,a),(3,b),(3,c)}
R={(1,a),(2,a),(2,c)}

 Domain(R)={1,2}
 Range(R)={a,c}.

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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

Relation
Some Examples
Example1: Let A={1,2,3,4}. Define a relation R on A by writing (x,y)R if
x < y. Then
R = {(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4),(3,4)}.
 
Example2 Let A={1,2,3}. Define a relation R on A as
R={{a,b}: a is divisible by b. We have R = {(1,1),(2,1),(3,1),(2,2),(3,3)}.
 
Example3:Let A be the power set of the set {1,2} in other words, A = {,
{1},{2},{1,2}} is the set of subsets of the set {1,2}. Write a relation on A,
where (P,Q)R, if PQ.
In this case we have:
R = {(,{1}), (,{2}), (,{1,2}), ({1},{1,2}), ({2},{1,2})}.
 

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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

OBJECTIVES
Summary
 Let A and B be two nonempty sets. The Cartesian product
AB = {(a,b) : aA and bB}. In other words, AB is the set of
all ordered pairs (a,b), where aA and bB.
 A binary relation or, simply, relation from A to B is a subset of
A X B i.e. R is a relation from A to B  R (AB)
 If R (AB) is a relation from AB, then
Domain(R)={a: (a,b)R} and
Range(R)={b: (a,b)R}.

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Amity School of Engineering & Technology (CSE)

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