ENGINEERING DRAWING

Role of Engineering Drawing

The ability to read drawing is the most important requirement of all technical people in
any profession.
As compared to verbal or written description, this method is brief and clearer. Some of
the applications are: building drawing for civil engineers, machine drawing for
mechanical engineers, circuit diagrams for electrical and electronics engineers,
computer graphics for one and all.
The subject in general is designed to impart the following skills;
1. Ability to read and prepare engineering drawings.
2. Ability to make free - hand sketching of objects.
3. Power to imagine, analyze and communicate, and
4. Capacity to understand other subjects
Content Page

Introduction i

1. Lines 1

2. Letters and Numbers 2

3. Drawing Sheet Formats 2

4. Scaling 3

5. Identification of Drawings and Parts Lists 3–4

6. Projections 5

6.1. Isometric Projection 5

6.2. Diametric Projection 6

7. Views and Sections (Cuts) 7

8. Parts Presentation in Drawings 8 – 26

8.1. Centers for Cylindrical Parts 8

8.2. Sections, Semi sections and Partial Sections 8 – 10

8.3. Interruptions, Diagonal Cross, Details 10 – 12

8.4. Dimensioning 13 – 19

8.5. Threads, Screws and Bolts 20 – 22

8.6. Simplified Representations 22

8.7. Radii for Rounded Parts 23

8.8. Bearings and Springs 23

8.9. Gears, Sprockets, Chains 24

9. Representation of Surface Quality (Finishing) 26 – 28

10. Representation regarding form and position 29

Introduction

Engineering drawing is a two dimensional representation of three dimensional objects.

In general, it provides necessary information about the shape, size, surface quality,
material, manufacturing process, etc., of the object. It is the graphic language from
which a trained person can visualize objects.
Drawings prepared in one country may be utilized in any other country irrespective of
the language spoken. Hence, engineering drawing is called the universal language of
engineers. Any language to be communicative, should follow certain rules so that it
conveys the same meaning to everyone. Similarly, drawing practice must follow certain
rules, if it is to serve as a means of communication.
For this purpose, most countries adapted the International
Standards Organization codes of practice for drawing. The other foreign standards are:
DIN of Germany, BS
Zof Britain and ANSI of America.
Drawing Instrument and Aids

The Instruments and other aids used in draughting work are listed below:
1. Drawing board 2. Mini draughter 3. Instrument box
4. Set squares 5. Protractor 6. Set of scales
7. French curves 8. Drawing sheets 9. Pencils
10. Templates
1. Lines

4 types of lines are in use:

1. Continuous Line
2. Dash – Point Line
3. Short Segmented Line
4. Freehand Line
The width of the lines to use is given by the particular group selected and by what
they represent in the drawing. The changes in width within the group and between
groups are based on the square root of 2. For precise information see the table
below:

LINE GROUPS (mm)

TYPE OF LINE GROUP OF LINE (mm) USAGE
1.0 0.7 0.5 .35 .25
Continuous Thick Line 1.0 0.7 0.5 .35 .25 Visible Contours
Circumferences
Exterior of Threads
Symbols, Letters
Welding Seams and Symbols
Thick Dash-Point Line 1.0 0.7 0.5 .35 .25 Plane of Sections, Definition
of superficial and partial Heat
Treatments

Short Segmented Line 0.7 0.5 .35 .25 .18 Invisible Contours and
Circumferences,
Tooth Root Circles in Gears
Thin Dash-Point Line 0.5 .35 .25 .18 .13 Center Axis, Circumferences
(for gear pitch and holes),
Contours of crude and final
forms,
Final Positions,
Contours in front of a section
Continuous Thin Line 0.5 .35 .25 .18 .13 Dimensioning Lines
Root Diameters of Threads
and Nominal Diameters of
Nuts and Inner Threads,
Profiles, Section indications,
Finishing Symbols, Diagonal
Cross, Bending Lines,
Adjacent Parts Contours
Freehand Line 0.5 .35 .25 .18 .13 Part Omissions in Drawings
Interruptions
2. Letters and Numbers

Letter and number size can be selected according to the available space.
However, it is recommended to use the size corresponding to the selected line
group. The size of the letters and numbers used must be 10 times the thickest
width of the applied group of lines.

Letters and numbers can be drawn vertical or with an inclination of their upper
right from the horizontal of 75°. The following main groups should be chosen:

2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; (14; 20) mm

Example

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR
S T U V W X Y Z &; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u
v w x y z (A B C D E, a b c d e)
3. Drawing Sheet Formats

The nominal ISO format is called A0. It is of rectangular size with an area of 1 m2
having a relation between sides of 1 : 2. The size A0 measures 841 x 1189 mm.
All other sizes result by cutting the A0 sheet in half, perpendicular to the longer
end. They are called:

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Two bigger sheets are defined if necessary. They are called:

2A0 and 4A0

TABLE of SIZES
4A0 2A0 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
1682 1189 841 594 420 297 210 148 105
x x x x x x x x x
2378 1682 1189 841 594 420 297 210 148
4. Scales

Most constructions, machines and their parts cannot be drawn in real size. They
have to either be scaled down (big parts) or scaled up (small parts). To avoid
confusion, ISO recommends using the scales mentioned below. Scales in
parenthesis are used exclusively for steel constructions (1:15), models (1:25),
and trains (1:40).

NATURAL SCALE REDUCED SCALES AMPLIFIED SCALES

1:1.25; 1: 5; 1:10
1: 20; 1: 50; 1:100 2:1
1:1 1: 200; 1:500; 1:1000 5:1
10 : 1
(1: 15; 1: 25; 1: 40)

5. Identification of Drawings and Parts Lists

There exist many different forms for this purpose. Parts lists and drawing may be
found on the same sheet or given separately. Although differing in form and size,
they are basically the same and should render the same information. ISO
recommends using the samples below. The width of the thick and thin lines used
should be the same as applied in the drawing. If the parts list is extensive, it
should be given apart in size A4 sheets, if short, it can be included in the
compound drawing (where all the parts are visible) in the space above the
identification. The letters a and b indicate the vertical and horizontal spacing of
the columns:

a  4.25 mm (Height)
b  2.60 mm (Width)
 Parts List
1 2 3 4 5 6

postio. Qty Unit Description Part No. / Normalization / Name Comments

4b 5b 4b 2a x 19b 2a x 26b 2a x 14b

           

           
 Principal Drawing Identification

Words written normally must be part of the identification; words written in Italic
have to be substituted by the pertinent information if so required.
6. Projections

6.1. Isometric Projection

Can be used if important details have to be shown in three dimensions. The

dimensions are the same in all directions:

A:B:C = 1:1:1

Circles in isometric projections are ellipses and have the same size and form in
all directions.

Circle Construction

 Divide the rhombus producing the points N and M

 Unite the M points with points 1 and 2, producing 3 and 4
 Trace two partial circles with radius "R" between N and M, starting from the
points 1 y 2
 Trace two partial circles with radius "r" between M and N, starting from the
centers 3 and 4
6.2. Diametric Projection

Should be used if important details have to be shown in the principal (front) view.
The dimensions are:

A : B = 1 : 1; C = 1 : 2

Circles in a diametric projection are round (normal) on the front face, the side and
top views have an elliptical form.

Circle Construction

 Construct a separate circle having radius "r"

 Divide the elliptic area to construct from the center into several identical
horizontal parts and number them
 Divide the separately constructed circle into the same amount of sections,
proportional to the rhombic area in the diametric projection so divided
 Pass the resulting distances to the corresponding lines in the projection.
 Unite the resulting points forming a curve.
7. Views and Sections (Cuts)

 Draw only the indispensable views to define the parts unequivocally.

 Hidden contours are only indicated if they are vital for the interpretation of the
drawing.
 It is best to identify the method of drawing like this:
E - European, A - American
 In compound drawings it is necessary to indicate all parts in their position
of assembly.
 In detail drawings, parts are preferably drawn in their machining position.
 As principal view the side of the part showing the most important details is
chosen.
 If the part cannot be exactly defined using these rules, especially if it is
necessary to show additional detail, the view represented has to be identified
by an arrow and a capital letter (for example View Z).
 If it is difficult to visualize the drawn part, additional sections have to be
provided. Sections are partitions of whole bodies in one or more well defined
planes of the part. They can be vertical, horizontal and perpendicular with
respect to the plane (surface) of the drawing. Complete sections as well as
semi-sections and partial sections can be employed.
8. Parts Presentation in Drawings

8.1. Centers for Cylindrical Parts

The center bore has to The center bore can The center bore must not
remain in the finished remain in the finished remain in the finished part
part part

8.2. Sections, Semi-Sections and Partial Sections

a. Sections are defined by shading, straight thin lines at an angle of 45° with
respect to the axis or contours of the designed body. In all unique and solid
elements, the shading lines defining a section are drawn in the same direction,
even if several views are used to represent the part. If information has to be
given within sections, the shading lines are interrupted.
b. Compounds of several parts drawn section are distinguished by using shading
lines at 45° given in opposite directions or using different separations between
them.
c. Distances between section shading lines have to be uniform and proportional
to the section body. The separation between them has to augment or diminish
according to the area they cover.
d. Contours exposed by semi- and partial sections have to be indicated. Hidden
contours of the shown elements have only to be added if this enhances
visualizing the part.
e. It is indispensable to draw the contours where adjacent parts meet.
f. Even if compounds are drawn including sections, the following simple
machine elements are never section: RIVETS, SCREWS, BOLTS, PINS,
RIBS, ARMS, ROLLERS, SPHERES, ROTARY ELEMENTS, SHAFTS,
NUTS and the like.
g. Thin section elements can be represented in black. If several of those are
joined, leave a small blank space between them.
h. It might be necessary to identify the plane of the section using a thick dash-
point line. The direction of the view is indicated by arrows 1,5 times as big as
the ones used for dimensioning. Identification of the sections by capital letters
from the beginning of the alphabet is a must as soon as more than one section
has to be marked. Best mark all sections this way.
i. Partial sections are delimited by thin freehand lines.
k. Big sectioned areas do not have to be filled by diagonal lines. It suffices to fill
them in close to the contours.
l. To define the section of parts like ribs and spokes, their section is gyrated in
the form of a section onto the plane of the drawing. The contours are given
using thin continuous lines.
m. Sections have to be drawn in line with the principal view.
n. If for some reason it is not possible to follow rule (m) above, the angle of
rotation of the sectioned view with respect to the principal view has to be
given.
o. If a corner (contour) of a body in a semi- or partial section coincides with the
center axis, the latter has to be drawn as a contour.
p. Symmetrical partial sections are preferably given below or to the right of the
center axis of the drawn body.

q. If adjacent parts have to be drawn, their contours have to be given using thin
continuous lines.
r. If the section follows the axis of any angular, curved or bent part, it is drawn
as a normal projection (on a flat plane).
s. Sections following an angle are drawn like it was a straight section by moving
the sectioned part at an angle onto the plane of the drawing.

t. Several parallel sections within a single part are shown as if it were a sole
section indicated by diagonal lines at 45° to its contours but displaced.

u. If details have to be shown laying in front of a sectioned plane they have to be

drawn using thin dash-point lines.

8.3. Interruptions, Diagonal Cross, Details

a. Interruptions are used if it is difficult or impossible to represent parts in their

totality. Interruptions of straight bodies (rectangular or angular) are shown
using thin freehand lines. Interruptions may be used only if the omitted body
of the part is regular and its form can be inferred from the drawn portions.

b. Interruptions in steel construction drawings made of commercial profiles can

be shown using thin dash-point lines.

c. Interruptions of round (cylindrical) bodies must be shown using ovals made of

thin continuous lines. The ovals on each side of the interruption have to be
drawn one below and one above the center axis.

d. If it is clear that the drawn body is round (cylindrical), that is, if a lateral view
or the dimensioning confirm it, thin freehand lines may substitute the ovals.
e. In hollow round bodies (tubes, pipes), interruptions are shown using double
ovals (exception “d”).
f. Conical round bodies are interrupted as shown.
g. Interruptions of sectioned hollow round bodies (tubes) are indicated using thin
freehand lines.
h. If it helps the interpretation, round transitions and corners can be shown using
thin continuous lines that don’t touch the contours.
i. Straight lines can be used to draw circular penetrations of round bodies to
avoid the construction of arcs as in a real projection if the difference between
diameters is greater than 1 : 5.
k. Avoid fictitious projections by drawing all additional views in the plane or axis
of the principal view.
l. The circles showing holes in flanges and circular blinds can be shown rotating
them onto the plane of the drawing including the individual holes (the flange
shown in the examples has 6 holes).
m. Diagonal crosses indicate flat surfaces within round bodies. They have to be
added wherever no additional view is presented showing clearly that it is a flat
surface. They can also be added if such a view is present.
n. To identify individual parts in compound drawings, numbers have to be
used but never letters. Starting with the number 1, it is best following the clock
around the parts, giving them successive numbers (2, 3, 4, etc.). Their size has
to be double with respect to the numbers used for dimensioning and never
less than 5mm. The shading lines have to be straight but must not be parallel or
perpendicular with respect to the body’s contours. To avoid confusion, a point
can be added at the termination of the shading line that ends on the part.
o. If the general scale in use doesn’t allow sufficient detail, the portion to be
amplified specifically can be marked by a medium dash-point line circle,
identifying it by a capital letter close to the end of the alphabet (X, Y, Z). A title
has to be added to the details given and the scale in which they are drawn.
Use letters 1.5 bigger than the ones used for dimensioning.

p. Symmetrical parts can be drawn abbreviated. Two short parallel lines indicate
the symmetry axis. The missing section can be left open or limited by a thin
freehand line (se example above on the left).

q. Welding seams that don’t require details to be shown can be indicated like a
contour line connected to a shading line with arrow depicting an “S”.

r. Views and sections drawn only until their symmetry axis need dimensioning
lines passing the axis and having only one arrow.
a. Dimensions are indicated using thin continuous
lines. They have to be drawn at least 8 mm away
from the contours. If several dimensions have to
be given at the same side, a minimum distance of
5 mm has to be left between them.
b. The arrows indicating the boundaries of the
dimension have to be full and follow an angle of
15°. Their length must be about 5 times the
thickness of the thick lines used in the drawing
(contours).
c. Dimensioning information must be written
according to the rules given in chapter 2. Their
size must not be smaller than 3.5 mm and must
not change within the drawing. (Number size 
Arrow length). The information has to be legible
from below and from the right side. If the
dimensions are given in mm only the number is
written, if some other unit is used, it has to be
added. The information is usually given in the
center and along the dimensioning lines. The
lines are interrupted for the purpose.
d. Axis and contours may not be used as
dimensioning lines.
e. Auxiliary lines have to pass the dimensioning
lines for about 2 mm.
f. Dimensioning lines and their auxiliaries should
cross each other and other lines as little as
possible.
g. Auxiliary lines must be perpendicular to the
dimensioning lines. If it enhances the image, they
may be given at an angle of 60°.
h. Axis can be used as auxiliary lines. Outside the
contours they change into thin continuous lines.

j. Normally, the arrows are added on the inside of

the dimensions. If there isn’t enough space, they
can be added externally.

k. The arrow points have to touch the auxiliary lines.

They may never touch the contour corners of the
drawn parts.
CC l. The information can also be written above the
dimensioning lines, avoiding their interruption.
One should not cross or blot out information.
m. To locate dimensioning information in a sectioned
area, interrupt the diagonal lines.
n. Dimensions of parts not drawn according to scale
have to be underlined.
o. Dimensions given within bubbles receive special
attention by the client.
p. The symbol indicating a diameter (Ø) is a circle
the size of the minuscule letter crossed by a 75°
line as long as the capital letters. The circle is
placed centered in front of the dimension.
q. The symbol Ø has to be present if:
 The projection (contour) doesn’t define
clearly that there is a circle.
 The dimension is given using a shading
line.
 The dimensioning line is drawn having only
one arrow.
r. The symbol Ø isn’t necessary if the dimensioning
line touches the contours of a plainly visible circle.

s. Try to avoid putting information into the shaded

(0-30°). If it is unavoidable, it has to be legible
from the left.
t. Angular dimensions must be legible from below.
If they have to be placed within the shaded areas,
they have to be legible from the left.

a. To define a square shape within a cylindrical

body a square sign without diagonal line () can
be placed in front of the dimension. It is placed at
the height of the minuscule letters and has the
same size.
b. The diagonal cross can be used to indicate flat
surfaces, be they squares, rectangles, trapezoids
or irregulars.
c. The symbol  and the diagonal cross have to be
placed if the drawing doesn’t clearly define their
shape. It can be used even if this is clear. Views
showing square form need both dimensions.
d. Spherical bodies have to be identified by
writing “sphere” in front of the dimension.
If the center of the sphere is not defined
and the dimensioning line has only one
arrow, the symbol "R" has to be given.
The Ø symbol has to be placed if the
dimension surpasses the center of the
sphere but has only one arrow.
e. The word "cone" identifies conical parts.
If it enhances the image, the auxiliary
lines can be drawn at an angle of 60° (for
example Ø14).
f. Conical pieces should include the
adjustment angle in parenthesis for the
machinist even if the dimensions given
identify the cone.
g. The word "reduction" is used to identify
pyramidal forms.
h. The words "cone" and "reduction" are
written parallel to the axis of the part, the
word "inclination" parallel to the
respective contour. If the part has an
exterior as well as an interior cone, we
write for example: " interior cone 1:10”,
and below " exterior cone 1:20"

i. If space is tight, diameters can be given

as shown on the left.

k. Shading lines should only be employed

if there is no other choice. They have to
be short and at angle above or below 90°
with respect to all other lines. According
to the application, they should:
 Start with a point to identify an
area within contours
 Start with an arrow if they
commence on a contour line
 Be a normal line if they touch a
dimensioning line
d. Spherical bodies have to be identified by
writing “sphere” in front of the dimension.
If the center of the sphere is not defined
and the dimensioning line has only one
arrow, the symbol "R" has to be given.
The Ø symbol has to be placed if the
dimension surpasses the center of the
sphere but has only one arrow.
e. The word "cone" identifies conical parts.
If it enhances the image, the auxiliary
lines can be drawn at an angle of 60° (for
example Ø14).
f. Conical pieces should include the
adjustment angle in parenthesis for the
machinist even if the dimensions given
identify the cone.
g. The word "reduction" is used to identify
pyramidal forms.
h. The words "cone" and "reduction" are
written parallel to the axis of the part, the
word "inclination" parallel to the
respective contour. If the part has an
exterior as well as an interior cone, we
write for example: " interior cone 1:10”,
and below " exterior cone 1:20"

i. If space is tight, diameters can be given

as shown on the left.

k. Shading lines should only be employed

if there is no other choice. They have to
be short and at angle above or below 90°
with respect to all other lines. According
to the application, they should:
 Start with a point to identify an
area within contours
 Start with an arrow if they
commence on a contour line
 Be a normal line if they touch a
dimensioning line
 8.5. Threads, Screws and Bolts
Identification Symbols
Symbol Denomination Dimensions
M10 Metric Thread ISO Ø 10mm; Normal Thread
M10 x 1 Fine Metric Thread ISO Ø 10mm; Fine Thread, Pitch 1mm
M10-LH Metric Thread, Left Hand Ø 10mm; Left Hand Normal Thread
Tr 10 x 2 Trapezoidal Thread Ø 10mm; Pitch 2mm, 1 Thread
Tr 40 x 14 (P7) Trapezoidal Thread Ø 40mm; Pitch 14mm, 2 Threads
Tr 48 x 16 (P8)-LH Trapezoidal Thread, Left Ø 48mm; Pitch 16mm, 2 Threads, Left Hand
UNC ¾" x 10 Normal Coarse Thread USA) Ø ¾ inches; 10 Threads per inch

UNF ¾" x 18 Normal Fine Thread (USA) Ø ¾ inches; 18 Threads per inch
BWS ¾" British Whitworth Standard Ø ¾ inches; Threads according to table

W ¾" The same as BWS (DIN) Ø ¾ inches; Threads according to table

BWF 1" British Whitworth Standard Ø 1 inch; Threads according to table
Fine thread
W 1 x 28" The same as BWF (DIN) Ø 1 inch; 28 threads per inch
NPT ½” (NPTC) Normal Pipe Thread (Coarse) Ø ½" (Pipe); Threads according to table

FPT ½” Fine Pipe Thread Ø ½" (Pipe); Threads according to table

  Normal Pipe Thread Fine Ø 1/8" (Pipe); Threads according to table
NPTF 1/8" (precise hydraulic thread)
  Whitworth Pipe Thread, similar  
G 1/8" to NPT, DIN-ISO 228, Ø 1/8" (Pipe); Threads according to table
cylindrical gas pipe
  Whitworth Pipe Thread, similar  
R ½” (BSPT) to NPT, DIN-ISO 7/1; conical Ø ½” (Pipe) 14 threads per inch
gas pipe (external)

Pg 16 Thread for electrical piping Ø 16 mm; Pipe 22,5 mm; 18 threads per inch
(conduit) ISO 529
Rd 40 x 5 Metric Round Thread DIN Ø 40 mm; Pitch 5 mm
S 70 x 10 Saw Thread Ø 70 mm; Pitch 10 mm
REPRESENTATION OF BOLTS AND SCREWS
 8.6 . Simplified Representations
For some applications, particularly for steel construction, certain abbreviations are
allowed to speed up design. See the examples below:

8.7. Radii for Rounded Parts

If it is not inconvenient, the following radii should be given precedence:
0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0, 1.6, 2.5, 4, 6, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100, 125, 160 and 200mm
C8.9. Gears, Sprockets, Chains

REPRESENTATIN OF GEARS
Pair of frontal tooth (spur) Pair of interior toothed Gear on straight toothed
gears gears bar (rack and pinion)

Angular Gears (Bevel, Miter) Worm Gear Sprockets an Chains

9. Representation of Surface Quality

There are many different ways to indicate the appearance, quality and roughness
of surfaces. Diverse parameters (Rt, Ra, Rp, RMS, SHS) have been normalized
for the metric and english systems. Identical parameters like Ra received different
abbreviations in the industrialized countries (AA in the USA, CLA in Great Britain,
Ru in some european countries). Other systems use triangles or the
denomination N numbered from 0 to 13. The table below shows some equivalents
and principal aspects:

TABLE OF ROUGHNESS TOLERANCES

Rz N Machining Triangles Range Ra
250 N 12  160 - 25 50
Easy to feel,
125 N 11
easy to see  28 – 21 25
63 N 10  14 – 10 12,5
32 N9 It can be felt,  7-5 6,3
16 N8 easy to see  3.6 - 2.7 3,2
8 N7 It cannot be  1.8 - 1.3 1,6
4 N 6 felt and barely  0.9 - 0.7 0,8
2 N5 be seen  0.45 - 0.33 0,4
1 N 4 It can whether  0.22 - 0.17 0,2
0,5 N3 be felt nor  0.11 - 0.08 0,1
0,25 N 2 seen  0.056 - 0.042 0,05
N1 Mirror Finer than this 0.028 - 0.020 0,025
N0 Mirror symbol 0.014 - 0.010 0,0125

The definition of Ra
Ra is the symbol used to indicate the Average Roughness of any surface. It is
calculated by creating a rectangle (in red) having a surface equal to the peaks
generated by the profile of the surface roughness above the median line (in
green) of reference (m) whose horizontal side is given by the measurement
distance (lm). Its resulting vertical elevation represents the average roughness
Ra. (See the figure below)
Advantages of the roughness indication Ra

1. The Ra values can be determined in a simple and precise way to a range

of Ra 0.8 (RT 6.3) using mechanical feelers.
2. Ra produces less dispersion of results than any other roughness
determination.
3. Ra describes particularly well surface roughness with none-periodic
machining marks (rectification, lapping, honing, etc.)
4. Ra is well known internationally and we recommend using it for this kind
of communication.
Disadvantages of the roughness indication Ra

1. Ra doesn’t reveal much about the real depth of the individual grooves (Rt)
except for surfaces with periodic machining marks (lathing, shaping,
milling) where the relation Rt - Ra is close to 4 : 1. In none-periodic
surfaces, this value is 8 to 15 times higher. If the parts utility requires the
definition of the real size of the grooves, the indication of the value Rz is
proscribed.
2. Many measurement instruments are unable to determine the value Ra in
very irregular surfaces.

Definition of Rz
Rz is the arithmetic average of the groove depths measured along 5 control
surfaces:

( y1  y 3  y 5  y 7  y 9 )  ( y 2  y 4  y 6  y8  y10 )
RZ 
5
In addition to Rz and Ra the following definitions are used when required:
 Profile depth Pt
 Wave depth Wt
 Roughness depth Rt
 Maximum depth Rmax
 Maximum profile height RP
 Supporting surface tP en %
Important in this context is knowing how to select the average roughness
with respect to adjustment tolerances and qualities to avoid shaving while
joining parts by pressure. This would modify the selected seats to a degree
that their remaining dimensions fall outside of the required tolerances. The
table below shows the relevant recommendations:
Nominal Recommende  
size d  
mm values ISO Tolerance Quality
in Rz and Ra

Tolerances in m 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1...6 Rz 2,5 4 6,3 6,3 10 16 25
Ra 0,4 0,8 0,8 1,6 1,6 3,2 6,3
6...10 Rz 2,5 4 6,3 10 16 25 40

Ra 0,4 0,8 0,8 1,6 3,2 6,3 12,5

10...18 Rz 4 4 6,3 10 16 25 40
Ra 0,8 0,8 0,8 1,6 3,2 6,3 12,5
18...80 Rz 4 6,3 10 16 16 40 63

Ra 0,8 0,8 1,6 3,2 3,2 6,3 12,5

80...250 Rz 6,3 10 16 25 25 40 63

Ra 0,8 1,6 1,6 3,2 3,2 6,3 12,5

250...500 Rz 6,3 10 16 25 40 63 100

Ra 0,8 1,6 1,6 3,2 6,3 12,5 25

Indications in drawings

Symbols Explanation
General symbol for “Treated Surface”

Symbol used to indicate a machined surface

Symbol used to indicate a non-machined surface

Symbol used to note special definitions regarding the surface
If all surfaces of the part have to be machined the same way and
according to the same quality, add a circle to the symbol
Position of the information:
a Surface roughness in m after the symbol Ra or in other form
b Manner of machining, treatment or finishing of the surface
c Undulation (Wt) or reference distance in mm
d Direction of machining or finishing
e Additional material thickness for machining
f Other roughness values such as Rz, Rt, Rmax, Rp, etc.

Paralle Perpendicula Radial None-

Machinin l to the r to the plane Crosse In all Concentri toward periodi
g plane of the d direction c s the c
of the drawing diagona s center without
direction drawin l visible
g groove
s
Example

a  Average roughness in Ra (0,8 m)

b  Surface finished by lapping
c  Reference distance = 20 mm
d  P: None-periodic surface without grooves
e  Additional thickness for lapping: 0.01 mm
f  Maximum roughness in Rz 2,5 m (average arithmetic groove depth)

10. Representation regarding Form and Position

The following tables give the symbols, their meaning, placing and
information content: