A Proposed Research Presentation on

Performance Analysis of Hybrid Isolated Power Generation

System
For the admission of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical Engineering)
By
Shivendra Saurabh
(Roll No.: 19164221950)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. A. S. Pandey Dr. Yogesh K Chauhan
( Professor ) (Associate Professor)

Dr. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW (U. P.), INDIA

22 June 2020
OUTLINES OF PRESENTATION

 Introduction
 Motivation of Research Work
 Wind Power Generation
 Photovoltaic Power Generation
 Fuel Cell
 Objectives of Research Work
 Identified Research Areas
 Methodology
 Conclusion
 References
 Introduction
 The consumption of electric energy is increased many folds all over the
world due to its several advantageous features. Limited fossil fuels
resources and their impact on environment, forced the researchers to
explore alternative of energy sources.

 Alternative energy is generally defined as any power source that is not

based on fossil fuels or nuclear reactions, which includes electricity
generation from wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, plant matter and mini
hydropower.

 The shortage of energy resources is experienced globally, as the rate of

energy consumption is exponentially increasing. An urgent need to explore
more sustainable energy system is considered. The use of renewable
energy (RE) sources is one of the best available options [1].
 Introduction
 India has 5th position in the installed capacity of renewable energy.
Renewable energy accounts for approximately 35.86% of a total 370 GW of
power generation capacity installed in India [2].

 Demand for power in India has been increasing due to the rising population,
growing economy, and changing lifestyles.

 Despite substantial capacity additions, the power sector is still in shortage

of energy.

 Specially installed capacity of renewable energy in India is approximately

35.86% of total power, in which Gujarat and Rajasthan states are having
maximum installed capacity of renewable energy. Renewable energy
sources like wind energy and photovoltaic (PV) power are becoming
popular.
 INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY IN INDIA
gas diesel
nuclear 6.70 % 0.10 %
biomass 1.80 %
2.70%
solar power
9.40%

coal 55.4 %
wind power
10.20%
small hydro
1.30 %
large hydro
12.30 %

Fig.1 Percentage of power installed capacity in INDIA (as on 31 March 2020);[2]

 Motivation of Research Work
 Distributed generation (DG) units, including both renewable and non-
renewable energy such as photovoltaic (PV) modules [3-5], fuel cells (FCs)
and wind generators provide alternative environment friendly energy to
satisfy current electrical demands of consumers [6].

 Wind and PV are the primary power sources of the system to take full
advantages of renewable energy and the FC–electrolyzer combination is used
as a power backup and a long-term storage system [7]. A battery bank is also
used in the system for short time backup to supply transient power. The
different energy/storage sources in the proposed system are integrated
through an ac/dc link bus [8].
 Wind Power Generation
In the wind power generation, it is important to keep the wind turbine at
optimal speed for the stabilization of the power generation regardless of
the wind speed variations [9]. In order to reduce the fluctuations in
generated power caused by the wind speed variations, the pitch angle of
the blades plays important role for power generation [10].

The output power of the wind turbine is given by the following equation
(1) as,
1
Pa   R 2C p (  ,  )Vw3 …………….(1)
2
Where ρ is the air density, A is the turbine swept area; Vw is the wind
speed and the power coefficient Cp. The power coefficient is a non-linear
function depending on the tip speed ratio λ and β blade pitch angle [11].
The performance coefficient Cp is the function of blade pitch angle and tip
speed ratio, given in equation (2) as,
 --------------------(1)

Wind Power Generation

  C
 C2   5i
C p (  ,  )  C1   C3 .  C4  e  C6 . ……………..(2)
 i 

 *R
Tip speed ratio is defined as   V
t

Where the rotation speed of the rotor, R is the rotor radius and is the
wind speed.
The produce torque of the turbine can be found as,
Pa
Tt 
t
The generated output power- wind speed curve and the blade pitch angle-
wind speed curve is also shown in figure (2) as, [12]
 Wind Power Generation
Blade
Pitch
Pm 90
Angle
[Degree]
75

60

45

30

15

Vwind 0
Vwind
5 12 24
Vwind_cut in Vwind_Rated Vwind_cut off Vwind_cut in Vwind_cut off
0 0 Vwind_Rated

Wind Speed [m/s]

Fig.2 (a) Generated power-wind speed curve Fig.2(b) Blade pitch angle-wind speed curve
Photovoltaic
The Power PVGeneration
array source consists of many series-parallel PV modules
connected to provide the desired DC voltage required by the system. The
solar cell usually represented by simplified equivalent circuit model is
shown in figure (3) as,
RS

Io Ic
IPh Vc

Fig 3. Equivalent circuit of PV cell

The PV cell output voltage Vc is given as,

AKTc  I ph  I o  I c 
Vc  ln    Rs I c …………..(3)
e  Io 
Where,
 Photovoltaic Power Generation
e: Electron charge (1.602x10-19 Coulombs)
K: Boltzmann constant (1.38x10-2/K)
IC : Cell output (Amp)
IPh : Photo current, function of irradiance level and junction temp (Amp)
Io: Reverse saturation current of diode (0.0002A)
Rs : Series resistance of cell (0.001ohm)
Tc: Reference cell operating temperature (30 •C)
Vc: cell output voltage (Volt)
A: Gain constant

 The typical I-V characteristic curves of the PV system used under different irradiance
level (at 25 •C) is shown in figure (4).

 Temperature plays an important role in the I-V performance of PV system, which is

illustrated in figure (5).
 Photovoltaic Power Generation
1000 W/m2 Irradiance levels
4.0

Current (A) 3.5

800 W/m2
Isc 3.0

600 W/m2
2.5

2.0
400 W/m2
1.5
Cell Voltage
1.0 (Vc)
200 W/m2
0.5

0 20 40 60 80

Output Voltage (V)

Fig. 4. I-V characteristics of PV cell Figure 5. I-V characteristics of PV system on different temperature

 It is clear from figure (4) that higher irradiance results into larger short circuit
current (Isc) and It is also clear from figure (5), at the lower temperature
ranges, the output current and voltage are maximum.
 Photovoltaic Power Generation
 The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is
its low efficiency and high capital cost. The concept of maximum power
point tracking significantly increases the efficiency of the solar
photovoltaic system.

 A typical solar panel converts only 30 to 40% of the incident solar

irradiation into electrical energy. Maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) technique is used to improve the efficiency of the solar panel
[13]. In the source side boost converter connected to a solar panel is used
order to enhance the output voltage so that it can be used for different
applications like lighting load and motor load. By changing the duty
cycle of the boost converter appropriately source side impedance can be
matched with that of the load impedance to transfer maximum power.
 Fuel Cell
 Fuel cell is an electrochemical device in which reactants are continuously
supplied for chemical reaction to directly convert chemical energy into
electrical energy. The role of electrolyzer is very useful to supply hydrogen
to fuel cell for DC power generation. Actually, the electrolyzer separates the
hydrogen from water [14]. The operation of fuel cell is shown in figure (6).

Fig 6. Fuel Cell system

 Fuel Cell
 The chemical reaction of the anode and cathode can be described as [15].

At anode, H 2 ( g )  2 H   2e ( Electrons)

1
cathode, O2 ( g )  2 H   2e  H 2O
2
 The fuel cell voltage can be compressed by the Nernst equation (4) as, [16].

 RT   PH 2   RT   12  .……… (4)
E  E0    ln    ln  PO2 
 2 F   PH 2O   2 F 

Where,
E0 = Reference potential (Volts)
F = Faraday’s constant (C mol-1)
R = Universal gas constant (J mol-1 K-1)
T = Absolute temperature (K)
PO2 =Air pressure (atm.)
PH2 = Hydrogen pressure (atm.)
 Fuel Cell

Here,
  quasi steady state model of fuel cell is discussed with the fuel cell
voltage with losses, given by equation (5) as follows,
V fc  E  Vact  Vconc  Vohm ………….(5)
Where,
= Fuel cell stack net voltage
E = Maximum generated voltage (Nernst voltage)
= Activation voltage drop
= Concentration voltage drop
= Ohmic drop
 V-I characteristics of fuel cell is given in figure (7) as,

37

36
Output 35 Activation Region
Voltage
(V) 34

33

32 Ohmic Region
Concentration
31
Region
30

29
0 5 10 20 16 18

Output Current (I)

Fig. 7 V-I characteristics of fuel cell

 Objectives for Research Work
 The design of wind turbine system is required to be investigated, re-
adjustment of some parameters e. g. pitch angle and yaw control to
extract maximum power from the wind energy.

The investigation on control scheme to obtain constant voltage and

frequency supply from variable speed wind turbine system.

The investigation will be carried out for AI based MPP techniques to

extract maximum power from PV system under different
environmental condition.

The analysis on MPP assisted PV based supply system is investigated

to feed various types of AC/ DC load.
 Objectives for Research Work
 The investigations on size, characteristics of fuel cell to produce the

required power.
 The isolated hybrid power generation using wind/solar/fuel cell will be
investigated for different dynamic conditions.
 The overall system maybe 10 to 50 KW or high also will be taking for
simulation work.
 Hybrid System
 Integration of two or more renewable energy source to form a more
reliable system is called a hybrid system.

 Need of hybridization
• For increasing output
• For fulfilling demand of consumer
• Providing uninterrupted power supply
• System can be designed for off grid and on grid applications.

 An fundamental reason behind we use a hybrid system is a major

drawback associated with renewable energy sources is their
variability.

 To mitigate this problem we use a hybrid system.

 When will it be effective
 Solar energy will contribute the daytime running of the load
and charging of storage device during day.
 Wind will contribute its energy during its flow time to the load.
 Identified Research Area

 Mechanical control of wind turbine system is necessary for identifying the

parameter affecting the output. The control parameters such as pitch angle
control, yaw control etc. are important for power generations and can be re-
adjusted for improvement of performance. [17].

 The PV/ wind energy is increasingly in receiving attention in electrical power

applications. It is important to operate energy conversion systems near the
maximum power point to extract the maximum power output. The scope for a
suitable technique of maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) controller for
the photovoltaic (PV)/ wind energy conversion system will be identified for
the system for maximum power transfer. [18].
 Identified Research Area
 The role of fuel cell is paramount in a hybrid generation system in which
reactants are continuously supplied for chemical reactions, to convert
chemical energy into electrical energy [19]. The scope has been identified
on size and characteristics of fuel cell to meet the load requirement.

 A hybrid system comprises wind turbine/ photovoltaic (PV)/ fuel cell (FC)
is an alternative energy system for stand-alone applications. Wind and PV
are the primary power sources of the system, and an FC–electrolyzer
combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system. The scope
has been identified in the area of isolated hybrid power generating station.
[20].
 Methodology
The scope of research work has been identified and the research
process can be analyzed as,
Proposed Research Area

Literature review phase

Problem Identification

 Wind energy conversion system

 PV based system
 Fuel cell based system
 Hybrid system comprises of above energy sources

Modelling and simulation phase

Compilation of work

Fig. 6 Block Diagram of Research Activity

 Methodology
 In block diagram of figure (6), different phases are proposed. In
first phase a plan is proposed for deciding the research area or
topic in a specific field. The second phase is literature survey and
collection necessary literature.
 Based on literature survey; problems for the research work are
identified and modelling and simulation will be carried out. Later
the power generators using three energy sources will be carried
out and analyzer will be carried out on hybrid system. The
modelling and simulation will be done MATLAB/Simulink
environment. Lastly the work will be compiled as per thesis
outline.
 Conclusion
 The non-conventional power PV–Wind–Battery–DG hybrid
energy method is available to be technically achievable,
emission much less along with less expensive with years to
come.
 Its environment-friendly dynamics helps it be a nice-
looking substitute for complementing the energy present
inside countryside regions.
 Load demand is fulfilled in an optimal way.
 Higher efficiency than an individual system.
 Conclusion
 Under the circumstances of power failure, hybrid system
keeps the continuity of supply.
 On the other hand much more research along with the work
usually is needed to increase battery’s strength along with
effectiveness with giving attention to decreasing the cost.
 Hybrid system performance depends on weather condition so
as to minimize the issue related to the system reliability and
operation there is a need to carry out transient analysis of the
system for varying constraint like solar radiation, wind
velocity, load demand.
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Thank You…..