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Analysis of Urine

Urine analysis has been an important part of medical diagnosis since ancient times. Modern techniques have improved urinalysis, allowing it to remain a key part of patient examination. Urine is readily available and contains information about metabolic functions through inexpensive tests. Analyzing urine provides insight into conditions like infections, kidney disease, and metabolic disorders. Abnormal levels of substances like ketones, blood, albumin, glucose, and bilirubin in urine can indicate underlying health issues.

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Faith Domingo
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54 views

Analysis of Urine

Urine analysis has been an important part of medical diagnosis since ancient times. Modern techniques have improved urinalysis, allowing it to remain a key part of patient examination. Urine is readily available and contains information about metabolic functions through inexpensive tests. Analyzing urine provides insight into conditions like infections, kidney disease, and metabolic disorders. Abnormal levels of substances like ketones, blood, albumin, glucose, and bilirubin in urine can indicate underlying health issues.

Uploaded by

Faith Domingo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALYSIS OF URINE

GROUP 6
INTRODUCTION
Analyzing urine was actually the beginning of laboratory
medicine. References to the study of urine can be found in
the drawings of cavemenand in Egyptian hieroglyphics,
such as the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. Richard Bright
introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor's
routine patient examination in 1827. By the 1930s, however,
the number and complexity of the tests performed in
urinalysis had reached a point of impracticality, and
urinalysis began to disappear from routine examinations .
Fourtunately, development of modern testing techniques
rescued routine urinalysis,
which has remained an integral part of the patient
examination. Two uniqu characteristics of a urine specimen
account for this continued popularity. 1.) Urine is readily
available andeasily collected specimen. 2.) Urine contains
information, which can be obtained by inexpensive
laboratory tests, about many of the body's major metabolic
functions.
These characteristics fit in well with the current trends
toward preventive medicine and lower medical costs. In fact
the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute defines
Urinalysis as “the testing of urine with procedures
commonly performed in expnditious, reliable, accurate,
safe, and cost-effective manner.”
What is Urine?
- Urine is a liquid waste produced by
the kidneys. Urine is a clear,
transparent fluid that normally has an
amber color. The average amount of
urine excreted in 24 hours is between
5 to 8 cups or 1.18 and 1.80 litres.
Urine is mainly a watery solution of
salt and substances called urea and
uric acid. Normally, it contains about
960 parts water to 40 parts solid
matter.
1. How is urine formed? Elaborate the process of
urine formation

Urine formation occurs during three processes:

1.Filtration
2.Reabsorption
3.Secretion
Glomerular Filtration
This process occurs in the
glomerular capillaries. The process of
filtration leads to the formation of an
ultrafiltrate. The blood gushes into these
capillaries with high pressure and gets
filtered across the thin capillary walls.
Everything except the blood cells
and proteins are pushed into the capsular
space of the Bowman’s capsule to form
the ultrafiltrate. The glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) is 125ml/min or 180 Litres/day.
Tubular Reabsorption
During glomerular filtration, all substances except blood cells and
proteins are pushed through the capillaries at high pressure. At the
level of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), some of the
substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed. These include sodium
chloride, potassium, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, and 75% of
water.
Absorption of some substances is passive, some substances are
actively transported while others are co-transported. The absorption
depends upon the permeability of different parts of the nephron. The
distal convoluted tubule shows selective absorption. The substances
and water which are reabsorbed are taken up by the peritubular
capillaries to be returned to the blood.
Tubular Secretion
The peritubular capillaries that help in transporting the
reabsorbed substances into the bloodstream also help in
actively secreting substances like hydrogen H+ ions and
potassium K+ ions. Whenever excess potassium K+ is
secreted into the filtrate, sodium Na+ ions are actively
reabsorbed to maintain the sodium-potassium Na-K balance.
Some drugs are not filtered in the glomerulus and so are
actively secreted into the filtrate during the tubular secretion
phase. . The end product of all these processes is urine, which
is essentially a collection of substances that has not been
reabsorbed during glomerular filtration or tubular reabsorbtion.
What are the different primary inorganic
and organic constituents of the urine?
Discuss each component.

Human urine consists primarily of water (91%


to 96%), with organic solutes including urea,
creatinine, uric acid, and urobilinogen
Urea is the primary organic component. It is the
product of protein and amino acid metabolism. The
urea plays an important role in the urinary
concentrating mechanism. It is a waste product of
many living organism.

Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles


from the breakdown of a compound called creatine.
Creatinine is removed from the body by the kidneys,
which filter almost all of it from the blood and release it
into the urine
Uric acid is a waste byproduct. It's formed when your
body breaks down purines, which are found in some
foods. Purines show up when cells die and get taken
apart. Most of the uric acid leaves your body when you
pee, and some when you poop. If you have high levels
of uric acid, it can be a sign of disease such as gout.

Urobilinogen is formed from the reduction of bilirubin.


Bilirubin is a yellowish substance found in your liver that
helps break down red blood cells.
Chloride (Cl-), is an electrolyte. It is a negatively
charged ion that works with other electrolytes, such as
potassium, sodium, and bicarbonate, to help regulate
the amount of fluid in the body and maintain the acid-
base balance.

Calcium (Ca2+), combines with chloride and


phosphate which are also important in constituents of
urine. Calcium is used to monitor the kidney function.
Having too high or too low levels of calcium in the urine
indicates a kidney stone or kidney problem.
Ammonium (NH4+), regulates blood and tissue
body acidity. ammonia is a normal byproduct of tissue
metabolism and in hepatocytes. It is converted into
urea by the urea cycle. Ammonia is toxic the urea then
it must be converted into urea.

Phosphates (e.g., PO43-) combines with sodium to


buffer blood. The kidneys help control the amount of
phosphate. Extra phosphate is filtered by the kidneys.
What are the possible causes of urine odor?
Tabulate your answer.
Urine consists mainly of water. It's the amount and
concentration of various waste products excreted by
the kidneys that causes urine odor.Urine that contains
a lot of water and few waste products has little to no
odor. If urine becomes highly concentrated — a high
level of waste products with little water — your urine
may have a strong ammonia odor.
Some foods and medications, such as asparagus or certain vitamins, can
cause a noticeable urine odor, even in low concentrations. Sometimes,
unusual urine odor indicates a medical condition or disease, such as:

- Cystitis (bladder inflammation)


- Dehydration
- Diabeti ketoacidosis
- Gastrointestinal-bladder fistula (abnormal connection between the intestines
and bladder)
- Maple Syrup Urine Disease (rare genetic condition that becomes apparent
during infancy)
- Metabolic disorder (a problem with the way your body converts the foods
you eat into energy)
- Type 2 diabetes (uncontrolled)
- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Odor Cause
Aromatic Normal
Foul,Ammonia-like Bacterial decomposition, urinary
tract infection
Fruity, sweet Ketones (diabetes mellitus,
starvation, vomiting)
Maple syrup Maple syrup urine disease
Mousy Phenylketonuria
Rancid Tyrosinemia
Sweaty feet Isovaleric acidemia
Cabbage Methionine malabsorption
Bleach Contamination
Why does the presence of Ketones,
Blood, Albumin, Glucose, and
Bilirubin in urine being considered
as pathogenic? Explain their clinical
significance when found in the urine.
Ketones
Normally, your body burns glucose (sugar) for
energy. If your cells don't get enough glucose, your
body burns fat for energy instead. This produces a
substance called ketones, which can show up in your
blood and urine. High ketone levels in urine may
indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a complication of
diabetes that can lead to a coma or even death.
Blood
- Hematuria
Causes:
- UTI
- Kidney infections
- bladder or kidney stone
- enlarged prostate
- kidney disease
- cancer
- kidney injury
- or strenuous exercises
Albumin
Albumin is a protein found in the blood. A healthy
kidney doesn’t let albumin pass from the blood into the
urine. A damaged kidney lets some albumin pass into the
urine. Albuminuria is a sign of kidney disease and means
that you have too much albumin in your urine.
Glucose
Glucose is usually present in the urine at very low
levels or not at all. Abnormally high amounts of
sugar in the urine, known as glycosuria, are usually
the result of high blood sugar levels. High blood
sugar usually occurs in diabetes, especially when
untreated.
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a product of red blood cell breakdown.
Normally, bilirubin is carried in the blood and passes
into your liver, where it's removed and becomes
part of bile. Bilirubin in your urine may indicate liver
damage or disease.

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