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Valve Gear and Valve Timing

Valve gear and valve timing controls the opening and closing of valves in internal combustion engines. It consists of components like the camshaft, lifters, pushrods, rocker arms and valves. The camshaft uses lobes to precisely time the lifting of valves at optimal points to admit fuel/air and exhaust gases. Variable valve timing allows independent control of intake and exhaust valves for better performance and efficiency. Common types include overhead cam and pushrod designs. Proper valve timing increases power, torque and reduces emissions. While adding complexity, variable valve timing provides significant benefits with few drawbacks. Valve gear is widely used in automotive and other piston-driven machinery.

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Ammi Adem
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546 views20 pages

Valve Gear and Valve Timing

Valve gear and valve timing controls the opening and closing of valves in internal combustion engines. It consists of components like the camshaft, lifters, pushrods, rocker arms and valves. The camshaft uses lobes to precisely time the lifting of valves at optimal points to admit fuel/air and exhaust gases. Variable valve timing allows independent control of intake and exhaust valves for better performance and efficiency. Common types include overhead cam and pushrod designs. Proper valve timing increases power, torque and reduces emissions. While adding complexity, variable valve timing provides significant benefits with few drawbacks. Valve gear is widely used in automotive and other piston-driven machinery.

Uploaded by

Ammi Adem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Valve gear and valve timing

contents
• Introduction
• Working principle
• Component and type
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Application
Introduction

• In an internal and external combustion engine, piston engine

and four stroke cycle engine the control of the valve timing is

by the valve gear.

• In a piston engine, the valve timing is the precise timing of

the opening and closing of the valves.

• In an internal combustion engine those are usually poppet

valves and in a steam engine they are usually slide valves or

piston valves.
cont’d
• Caprotti  valve gear is more closely related to that of an
internal combustion engine, uses poppet valves, and was
developed to allow independent timing of the intake and
exhaust events.
• It was never used as widely as piston valves or the earlier
slide valves.
• In four-stroke cycle engines and some two-stroke cycle
engines, the valve timing is controlled by the camshaft.
It can be varied by modifying the camshaft, or it can
be varied during engine operation by variable valve
timing. It is also affected by the adjustment of the valve
mechanism, and particularly by the tappet clearance.
Cont’d
• The valve gear of a steam engine is the mechanism that
operates the inlet and exhaust valves to admit steam into the
cylinder and allow exhaust steam to escape, respectively, at
the correct points in the cycle. It can also serve as a
reversing gear.
• The valve gear mechanism of an I.C. engine consists of
those parts which actuate the inlet and exhaust valves at the
required time with respect to the position of piston and
crankshaft.
• Variable valve timing can give both maximum power at high
rpm and smooth idling at low rpm by making small changes
to the relative angular position of the camshafts and thereby
varying the valve overlap.
Cont’d
Components of valve gear
 Camshaft Bearings
 Exhaust Valve
 Inlet Valve
 Lifter/Cam Followers
 Spring Base
 Spring Retainer
 Valve Collet
 Valve Guide
 Valve Shims
 Valve Spring
 Valve Stem Seal
Cont’d
Working principle of valve gear
• The operation is controlled by pear-shaped lobes,
called cams, on a rotating shaft, the camshaft, driven
by a chain, a belt, or a set of gears from the
Crankshaft. Where the camshaft is mounted in the
Engine block, small metal cylinders tappets sit in
channels above each cam, and from the tappets metal
pushrod extend up into the cylinder head.
• The top of each pushrod meets a rocker arm which
bears against the stem of a valve, which is held in a
raised (closed) position by a strong coiled spring the
valve spring.
Cont’d
• As the pushrod rises on the cam it pivots the rocker arm,
which pushes the valve down (open) against the pressure
of its spring. As the cam lobe rotates further, the valve
spring acts to close the valve. This is called an overhead-
valve (OHV) system.

• Some engines have no pushrods; the valves are operated


more directly by single or double camshafts in the
cylinder head itself the overhead-cam system.
Cont’d
• As there are fewer moving parts between the
camshaft and the valve, the overhead-cam
(OHC) method is more efficient and
produces more power for a given engine
capacity than an engine with pushrods,
because it can operate at higher speeds. With
either system, there must be some free play
in the operating gear, so that the valve can
still close completely when parts have
expanded through heat.
Cont’d
A pre-set gap tappet clearance is essential
between the valve stem and the rocker arm or cam,
to allow for expansion. Tappet clearances vary
widely on different cars, and faulty adjustment can
have serious effects. If the gap is too large, the
valves open late and close early, reducing power
and increasing engine noise. Too small a clearance
prevents the valves from closing properly, with a
consequent loss of compression. Some engines
have self-adjusting tappets, which are
hydraulically operated by the engine oil pressure.
Cont’d
• Valve timing is the regulation of points in the cycle, at
which the valves are set to open and close. Since the
valves require a finite period of time for opening and
closing therefore a ‘slight lead time’ is necessary for
proper opening and closing of valves.
• As described above four stroke cycle and some two
stroke cycle engines the valve timing is controlled by
the camshaft. Let us see with the aid of diagram .
Inlet valve open at before top dead center 15°
Inlet valve closes after bottom dead center 37 °
Exhaust valve open at before bottom dead center 45
°
Exhaust valve close at before top dead center 5 °

fig 5-valve timing diagram for four stroke


cycle engine
Cont’d
Types of valve
 Reciprocating valve gears
 Link gears
-Constant lead gear (Walschaerts-type gear)
-Dual eccentric gear (Stephenson-type gears)
-Lever and link gear (Baker-type)
 Radial gears
-Poppet valve gears
-Conjugating gears
-Bulleid chain-driven valve gear
-Corliss valve gear
Cont’d
Advantage of valve gear and timing
• Low speed torque is also increased, providing better
handling and drivability. You may think that it is
counterproductive to have an overlap in the exhaust and
intake valves because that means exhaust gases are
reentering the cylinder.
• Maximum overlap usually occurs at high speeds, but if it
is used at medium speeds with a light engine load, for
instance during highway travel, engine efficiency
increases.
Cont’d
• There are many benefits to using valve timing
and virtually no drawbacks. One benefit is an
increase in maximum engine speed (and therefore
more peak power) – as much as a 25% increase.
• The exhaust gas recirculation reduces the amount
of fuel needed to run the engine.
• However, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a
staple of emission control and can be enhanced
by using VVT.
Cont’d
Disadvantage of valve gear and timing
• Regardless of design, the long-term benefits of
increased fuel efficiency and power output
outweigh any upfront cost, especially when looking
at the multi-year investment of a car.
• The only minor drawback to VT is the additional
cost and complexity of adding the system to an
engine.
• There are multiple ways to add VT, and each
manufacturer has its own little tweak, some simpler
and cheaper, others more complex and costly.
Cont’d
Application area
• Automotive
• Motorcycles
• Marine
• Aircraft
References
1-Steam Locomotive Valve Gear (http://www .steamlocomotive.com/appliances/valvegear .php)
Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20120105035712/http://steamlocomotive.com/appliances/valvegear .php) 5
January 2012 at
the Wayback Machine Animations of Stephenson's, Walschaerts', Baker's, Southern and Y
oung's valve gear .
SteamLocomotive.com, Accessed 1 September 2014

2-www.wikepedia.com/valvegear
Thank you for your attention
Group names Id no
• 1-Ammar Adem 097/09
• 2-Gemechu getachaw 394/09

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