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Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuits are fabricated on silicon chips containing electronic components to construct digital gates. The gates are interconnected on the chip, which is mounted in a package with external pins. Integrated circuits are categorized based on the complexity of their circuits as small, medium, large, or very large scale integration depending on the number of logic gates.

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440 views

Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuits are fabricated on silicon chips containing electronic components to construct digital gates. The gates are interconnected on the chip, which is mounted in a package with external pins. Integrated circuits are categorized based on the complexity of their circuits as small, medium, large, or very large scale integration depending on the number of logic gates.

Uploaded by

muktikanta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• An integrated circuit (IC) is fabricated on a die of a
silicon semiconductor crystal, called a chip,
containing the electronic components for
constructing digital gates.

• The various gates are interconnected inside the chip


to form the required circuit. The chip is mounted in a
ceramic or plastic container, and connections are
welded to external pins to form the integrated
circuit.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• The number of pins may range from 14 on a small
IC package to several thousand on a larger package.

• Each IC has a numeric designation printed on the


surface of the package for identification.

• Vendors provide data books, catalogs, and Internet


websites that contain descriptions and information
about the ICs that they manufacture.
Levels of Integration
• Digital ICs are often categorized according to the complexity of their
circuits, as measured by the number of logic gates in a single package.

• The differentiation between those chips which have a few internal gates
and those having hundreds of thousands of gates is made by customary
reference to a package as being either a small‐, medium‐, large‐, or very
large‐scale integration device.

• Small‐scale integration (SSI) devices contain several independent gates


in a single package. The inputs and outputs of the gates are connected
directly to the pins in the package. The number of gates is usually fewer
than 10 and is limited by the number of pins available in the IC.
Levels of Integration
• Medium‐scale integration (MSI) devices have a complexity
of approximately 10 to 1,000 gates in a single package. They
usually perform specific elementary digital operations.

• Example of MSI digital functions are decoders, adders,


multiplexers , registers and counters.

• Large‐scale integration (LSI) devices contain thousands of


gates in a single package. They include digital systems such
as processors, memory chips, and programmable logic
devices.
Levels of Integration
• Very large‐scale integration (VLSI) devices now contain
millions of gates within a single package.

• Examples are large memory arrays and complex


microcomputer chips.

• Because of their small size and low cost, VLSI devices


have revolutionized the computer system design
technology, giving the designer the capability to create
structures that were previously uneconomical to build.
Digital Logic Families
• Digital integrated circuits are classified not only by
their complexity or logical operation, but also by the
specific circuit technology to which they belong.

• The circuit technology is referred to as a digital logic


family. Each logic family has its own basic electronic
circuit upon which more complex digital circuits and
components are developed. The basic circuit in each
technology is a NAND, NOR, or inverter gate.
Digital Logic Families
• The electronic components employed in the
construction of the basic circuit are usually used to
name the technology. Many different logic families of
digital integrated circuits have been introduced
commercially. The following are the most popular:

• TTL transistor–transistor logic;


• ECL emitter‐coupled logic;
• MOS metal‐oxide semiconductor;
• CMOS complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor
Digital Logic Families
• TTL is a logic family that has been in use for 50 years and is
considered to be standard.

• ECL has an advantage in systems requiring high‐speed operation.

• MOS is suitable for circuits that need high component density, and
CMOS is preferable in systems requiring low power consumption,
such as digital cameras, personal media players, and other
handheld portable devices. Low power consumption is essential
for VLSI design; therefore, CMOS has become the dominant logic
family, while TTL and ECL continue to decline in use.
DIGITAL LOGIC GATES
• Since Boolean functions are expressed in terms of AND, OR, and NOT
operations, it is easier to implement a Boolean function with these type of
gates. Still, the possibility of constructing gates for the other logic operations
is of practical interest.

• Factors to be weighed in considering the construction of other types of logic


gates are
(1) The feasibility and economy of producing the gate with physical components
(2) The possibility of extending the gate to more than two inputs
(3) The basic properties of the binary operator, such as commutativity and
associativity
(4) The ability of the gate to implement Boolean functions alone or in
conjunction with other gates.
Digital Logic gates
NOT Gate

x F = x’
0 1
1 0
A B F = A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
 
Using a single 7400 IC, connect a circuit that produces an inverter
Using a single 7400 IC, connect a circuit that produces a
two-input AND gate
Using a single 7400 IC, connect a circuit
that produces a two-input OR gate
Using a single 7400 IC, connect a circuit
that produces a two-input EX-OR gate
Implement the Boolean function:
F = A . (B + C)
Circuit Diagram

A B C F=A.(B+C)
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
Circuit Diagram using NAND gates

A B C F=((AB)’.(AC)’)’
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

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