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Steam Nozzles: - Mass Flow Rate Is Remains Constant

Steam nozzles convert the heat energy of steam into kinetic energy. There are two main types of nozzles: convergent and convergent-divergent. Convergent nozzles decrease in cross-sectional area from entrance to exit, while convergent-divergent nozzles first decrease then increase in area. Flow through nozzles depends on throat and exit areas at a given pressure drop. The expansion of steam through a nozzle is considered isentropic, with no work done or heat transfer. Maximum discharge occurs at the critical pressure ratio, where the outlet pressure equals the critical pressure that accelerates flow to the speed of sound.

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288 views32 pages

Steam Nozzles: - Mass Flow Rate Is Remains Constant

Steam nozzles convert the heat energy of steam into kinetic energy. There are two main types of nozzles: convergent and convergent-divergent. Convergent nozzles decrease in cross-sectional area from entrance to exit, while convergent-divergent nozzles first decrease then increase in area. Flow through nozzles depends on throat and exit areas at a given pressure drop. The expansion of steam through a nozzle is considered isentropic, with no work done or heat transfer. Maximum discharge occurs at the critical pressure ratio, where the outlet pressure equals the critical pressure that accelerates flow to the speed of sound.

Uploaded by

Nikita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STEAM NOZZLES

Introduction
- is a device of varied
cross – sectional area in
which the heat energy of
the steam is converted into
kinetic energy.
mass flow rate is
remains constant
Types of nozzles:
o convergent
The cross sectional area of the nozzle decreases from the entrance to exit.
The outlet pressure of the nozzle will be equal or higher than the critical
pressure.
The critical pressure is the pressure which will accelerate the flow to a velocity equal to
the local velocity of sound in the fluid.
 Pressure ratio : 0.58 when using saturated steam

Mach number is the ratio of the speed of a body to the speed


of sound in the surrounding medium.
Types of nozzles
Convergent – divergent:

The area of the cross section decreases from entrance to throat and afterwards
increases from throat to exit.
Divergent portion increases the pressure drop and accelerates the flow.
The narrowest section of the C-D nozzle is called throat .
Flow through nozzle depends on throat and exit areas at a given pressure drop
Flow of steam through nozzles
The expansion of steam through a nozzle is considered as
isentropic
There is no work done during flow of steam.
ie Q = 0: W = 0
Apply the steady flow energy equation,
For a flow of 1 kg/sec,
h1 + C12/2 + Q = h2 + C22/2 + W
For flow through nozzle,
h1 + C12/2 = h2 + C22/2
C1 is negligible, when compare with C2, then

C2 = √ [2(h1- h2)x1000] = 44.72 √(h1- h2).

C2 = 44.72 √(h1- h2) (m/s)


Effect of friction in steam nozzle:(frictional reheating)
During the flow of steam through the nozzle, loss would likely occur
due to internal friction of steam itself , friction between nozzle surface
and steam and shock losses.
This reduces the nozzle efficiency considerably occur more in
divergent portion of the nozzle.
Enthalpy drop is reduced resulting in lower exit velocity
dryness fraction of steam and specific volume are increased
Discharge Through an Isentropic Nozzle
Flow through the nozzle is isentropic

Gain in kinetic energy = Work done during expansion


Work done during expansion = Work done during flow process
Conditions for Maximum Discharge
Maximum discharge occur at critical pressure ratio

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