Universal Laws of Physics

Kinematics
• Describes motion in
terms of displacement,
velocity and
acceleration
Dynamics
• Relates force and
motion
Translation
• Motion in straight line
Kinematics of Translation
• Scalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude
(numerical value and units).
• Vectors are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude
and a direction.

SCALAR VECTOR
Distance Displacement
Speed Velocity
Acceleration Acceleration
Checking Understanding:

•5 m • SCALAR
• 30 m/sec, East • VECTOR
• 5 mi., North • VECTOR
• 20 degrees Celsius • SCALAR
• 256 bytes • SCALAR
• 4000 Calories • SCALAR
 Distance &
Displacement
 Distance vs. Displacement
• "how much ground an • "how far out of place
object has covered" an object is“
during its motion.
• how far you have • where you are in
traveled, regardless of relation to where you
direction started

SI Unit of Distance & Displacement: meter (m)

Distance vs. Displacement
• You drive the path, and your odometer goes up by 8
miles (your distance).
• Your displacement is the shorter directed distance
from start to stop (green arrow).

• What if you drove in a circle?

start

stop
Distance
 .

Checking Understanding
A student walks • What is the total
4 meters East, distance?
2 meters South,
4 meters West, Ans: 12 meters
and 2 meters North.
• What is the final
displacement?
Ans: 0 displacement
 .

Checking Understanding
The skier moves from
• What is the total
A to B to C to D.
At each of the indicated times, distance?
the skier turns around and Ans: (180 m + 140 m
reverses the direction of travel. + 100 m) = 420 m
• What is the final
displacement?
Ans: 140 m,
rightward
 Checking Understanding
Starting from origin, O a person walks 90-m east,
then turns around and walks 40-m west.

Q: What is the total walked distance? A: 130-m

Q: What is the displacement? A: 50-m, due east
 Checking Understanding
Mica walks 16km to the north, 12km back to the east and
15km to the west.
a. Determine the distance which Mica moved.
b. Determine Mica's displacement.
15km, W
12km, E

Displacement:
16km, N

16km, N
Distance:

16km + 12km + 15km = 43km

Vector Addition

• The sum of two or more

vectors is represented by a
single vector called the
resultant
Vector Addition

There are a variety of methods for

determining the magnitude and
direction of the result of adding two or
more vectors.

• Head-to-tail method using a scaled

vector diagram

• Pythagorean theorem and

trigonometric methods
• The Pythagorean theorem is a
useful method for determining
the result of adding two
vectors that make a right
angle to each other.

• A mathematical equation that

relates the length of the sides
of a right triangle to the length
of the hypotenuse of a right
triangle.
A plane flying due north at 100m/s is blown by a
500m/s strong wind due east. What is the plane’s
resultant velocity?

c = √ a2 + b2
vR = √ v12 + v22
= √(100m/s)2 + (500m/s)2
= √(10,000m/s)2 + (250000m
= √260,000m2/s2
= 509.902 m/s
Using Trigonometry to Determine a Vector's
Direction
The direction of a resultant vector can often be
determined by use of trigonometric functions

The sine function relates the measure of

an acute angle to the ratio of the length of
the side opposite the angle to the length of
the hypotenuse.
Using Trigonometry to Determine a Vector's
Direction
The direction of a resultant vector can often be
determined by use of trigonometric functions

The cosine function relates the measure of

an acute angle to the ratio of the length of the
side adjacent the angle to the length of the
hypotenuse.
Using Trigonometry to Determine a Vector's
Direction
The direction of a resultant vector can often be
determined by use of trigonometric functions

The tangent function relates the measure of

an angle to the ratio of the length of the side
opposite the angle to the length of the side
adjacent to the angle.
A plane flying due north at 100m/s is blown
by a 500m/s strong wind due east. What is
the direction of the plane?
A plane flying due north at 100m/s is blown by a
500m/s strong wind due east. What is the direction
of the plane?
N

b
a Ө
W E

tanӨ = 500m/s
100m/s
= 5m/s
= tan-1 (5)
= 78.69⁰ east of north
S vR = 509.902 m/s, 78.69⁰ east of no
 Eric leaves the base camp and hikes 11 km, north
and then hikes 11 km east. Determine Eric's
resulting displacement.
c = √ a2 + b2
11km, E
vR = √ v12 + v22

= √(11km)2 + (11km)2
11km, N
Ө
= √ 121km2 + 121km2

= √242km2
= 15.556 km
 Eric leaves the base camp and hikes 11 km, north
and then hikes 11 km east. Determine Eric's
resulting displacement.

11km, E
tanӨ = 11km
11km
= 1km
= tan-1 (1)
11km, N
15.556 km
= 45⁰ east of
Ө north
vR = 15.556 km,
45⁰ east of
north
 In order for Allan to reach his workplace, he drove
10km west and 5km south

c = √ a2 + b2

vR = √ v12 + v22
10km, W

Ө = √(10km)2 + (5km)2
5km, S
= √100km2 + 25km2

= √125km2
= 11.180 km
 In order for Allan to reach his workplace, he drove
10km west and 5km south

tanӨ = 5km
10km, W 10km
Ө = 0.5km
= tan-1 (0.5)
5km, S = 26.565⁰ south
11.180km of west
vR = 11.180 km,
26.565⁰ south
of west
Checking Understanding – HW:
1. Sam leaves the base camp and hikes 18 km,
north and then hikes 13.5 km east.

2. Mica drove 33.7 km, west and 54.98 km, south.

3. A cart was pushed 12.57 km, south and then

19.2 km east.
Speed & Velocity
 Speed vs. Velocity

• "how fast an object • “how fast and which

is moving.“ way; the rate at
which position
changes”
• rate at which an • rate at which an
object covers object changes its
distance. position."

SI Unit of Speed and Velocity: meters (m) / seconds (s)

• A fast-moving object has a high
speed and covers a relatively
large distance in a short amount
of time.

• A slow-moving object that has a

low speed; it covers a relatively
small amount of distance in the
same amount of time.

• An object with no movement at

all has a zero speed.
•Instantaneous Speed / Velocity
• the speed or velocity at any given instant in
time.
•Average Speed / Velocity
• the average of all instantaneous speeds; found
simply by a distance/time ratio.
• measure of the distance traveled in a given
period of time
Formula
Checking Understanding

C
E
(x3, t3 )
D
(x5, t5 )

(x4, t4 )
(x6, t6 )
F
point x (m) t (s)
(x2, t2 )
B O 0 0
A A 1 1
0 (x1, t1 ) B 5 2
(x0, t0 ) C 12 3

D 8 4

E 10 5

F 5 6
 point x (m) t (s)
Checking Understanding O 0 0
A 1 1
B 5 2
C 12 3
D 8 4
E 10 5
F 5 6
 point x (m) t (s)
Checking Understanding O 0 0
A 1 1
B 5 2
C 12 3
D 8 4
E 10 5
F 5 6

What is the instantaneous speed from

point A to B?
What is the instantaneous speed from
point to B to C?
What is the instantaneous speed from
point C to D?
 point x (m) t (s)
Checking Understanding O 0 0
A 1 1
B 5 2
C 12 3
D 8 4
E 10 5
F 5 6

A-B: 4m/1sec = 4 m/s

B-C: 7m/1sec = 7 m/s
C-D: 4m/1sec = 4 m/s
Checking Understanding point
O
x (m)
0
t (s)
0
A 1 1
B 5 2
C 12 3
D 8 4
E 10 5
F 5 6

Compute for the average speed.

 point x (m) t (s)
Checking Understanding O 0 0
A 1 1
B 5 2
C 12 3
D 8 4
E 10 5
F 5 6

Average speed:
41/6 sec = 6.83 m/s
1. In a drag race competition,
John completes the 402.25m
dragster race in a record time
of 4.437s. Determine the
speed of John’s car.
Given: d = 402.25m
t = 4.437s

Formula: Speed = distance / time

Speed = distance / time

= 402.25m / 4.437s.

Speed = 90.658m/s
 In the qualifying round of the 50-yd
freestyle in the sectional swimming
championship, David got an early
lead by finishing the first 22.86m in
10.01s. He finished the return leg in
10.22 seconds.

a. Determine David's speed for the entire race.

b. Determine David's speed for the first 22.86m leg

of the race.

c. Determine David's velocity for the entire race.

 Given: d1 = 22.86m
d2 = 22.86m
t1 = 10.01s
t2 = 10.02s

a. Determine David's speed for the entire race.

Formula: Speed = distance / time

Speed = distance / time

= 22.86m + 22.86m / 10.01s + 10.22s

= 45.72m / 20.23s

Speed = 2.260 m/s

 Given: d1 = 22.86m
d2 = 22.86m
t1 = 10.01s
t2 = 10.02s

b. Determine David's speed for the first 22.86m leg

of the race.

Formula: Speed = distance / time

Speed = distance / time

= 22.86m / 10.01s

Speed = 2.284 m/s

 Given: d1 = 22.86m
d2 = 22.86m
t1 = 10.01s
t2 = 10.02s

c. Determine David's velocity for the entire race.

Formula: Velocity = displacement / time

velocity = displacement / time

= 0m / 20.23s

velocity = 0 m/s
 PNR travels forward along a straight track at 60
m/s for 2,500 m and then travels at 100.0 m/s
for the next 2,500 m. What is the average
velocity?
V = displacement
time
a. What is the average velocity?
time = displacement / velocity velocity = displacement
/time
= 2500m and =
2500m = 5000 m
60m/s 41.67s + 25 s
100 m/s = 75 m/s
= 41.67 s
= 25 s
Acceleration
• Acceleration refers to the change in velocity of a moving
object per unit of time.

• The change in velocity may be achieved in three ways:

• Change in speed
• Change in direction
• Change in both speed and direction
• A body is said to be “accelerating’ when:
• moving at changing speed but same direction
• moving at constant speed but changing direction
• moving at changing speed and direction
Acceleration = Vf – Vi

t
 1. The Lamborghini can accelerate from 0 to 27.8 m/s in a
time of 3.40 seconds. Determine the acceleration of this
car.
Given: Vi = 0m/s
Vf = 27.8m/s
t = 3.40s
Formula: Acceleration = Vf – Vi / t
Acceleration = Vf – Vi / t

= 27.8m/s – 0m/s / 3.40s

Acceleration = 8.176m/s2
2. Homer leads the Varsity team in home runs. In a recent
game, Homer hit a 90km/hr curve ball head on, sending it
off his bat in the exact opposite direction at 134km/hr. The
contact between ball and bat lasted for 0.75hr. Determine
the acceleration of the ball during the contact with the bat.

Given: Vi = 90km/hr
Vf = 134km/hr
t = 0.75hr
Formula: Acceleration = Vf – Vi / t
Acceleration = Vf – Vi / t

= 134km/hr –
90km/hr/ 0.75hrs

Acceleration = 58.667km/hr2
 POSITION TIME GRAPH
Position Position

time time
Time is increasing Time is increasing
Distance is constant Distance is increasing
SPEED = 0 SPEED = CONSTANT
 POSITION TIME GRAPH
Position Position

time time
Time is increasing Steeper line indicates
Distance is increasing larger distance covered
SPEED = CONSTANT GREATER SPEED/
“FASTER”
 POSITION TIME GRAPH
Position

If an object changes
speed, the graph is
curving upward

time
Speed is increasing
Change in speed is constant
OBJECT IS ACCELERATING
Free Fall

• A freely falling object is any object moving freely

under the influence of gravity alone
• Free fall does not depend on the object’s original motion
• All objects falling near the earth’s surface fall with a
constant acceleration
• The acceleration is called the acceleration due to
gravity, and indicated by g

Section 2.6
Negative Acceleration
• A negative acceleration does not necessarily mean
the object is slowing down
• “Deceleration” means a decrease in speed, not a
negative acceleration

Section 2.3
Acceleration due to Gravity
• Symbolized by g
• g = 9.80 m/s²
• When estimating, use g » 10 m/s2
• g is always directed downward
• Toward the center of the earth
• Ignoring air resistance and assuming g doesn’t vary
with altitude over short vertical distances, free fall is
constantly accelerated motion

Section 2.6
Problem

• A stone is dropped from the

rooftop of a building. What is
its velocity and what is its
displacement after 3.0 s?

• A rocket is fired vertically

upward with an initial
velocity of 29 m/s .  Find the
rocket's maximum altitude
Projectile Motion
• A baseball is thrown
horizontally with an initial
velocity of 20m/s from a height
of 1.5m. How long will it take to
reach the ground? How far will
it go horizontally?
Problem

• A cannon ball on the ground is fired at 35o with an initial velocity of

250 m/s.
• a) how long will it take to hit the ground,
• b) how far from the cannon ball will it hit the ground, and
• c) compute for the maximum height to be reached by the cannon
ball.