Road Transport

Road Transport
The most common mode of transport
At present days, the cars, buses, trucks represent the road transport –
moving on pavement roads
In the old days, people relied on animals/ livestock : horse, oxen,
donkeys, buffalos – animal paths, unpaved, muddy roads
◦ delayed the movement; long-delayed & dangerous movement
◦ Game trail – used by hunter-gatherers to travel by foot easier
◦ The Roman built road using crushed stone as underlying layer – “all roads
lead to Rom”
◦ Early tar-paved road in Baghdad, Iraq in 8th century
◦ Turnpike – toll road in England in 1656
Early Road : Game Trail
Roman Road
Natchez Trace
The Natchez Trace is a historic forest trail that extends roughly 444-mile
(710km) from Natchez, Mississippi to Nashville, Tennessee and 10,000
years of North American history. 
It was used by American Indians, "Kaintucks," and settlers.
The National Trails System Act of 1968 identified the Natchez Trace as
one of the initial 14 routes nationwide thought to have potential as a
national scenic trail.
Kaintucks
The Kaintucks would guide their boats hundreds of
miles downriver to Natchez or New Orleans. There
they would sell their cargo, and often their boats.
Inexpensive to build and without a power source
to head back against the currents, the boats were
usually scrapped for their timber. This left their
captains and crew without a way home other than
their own two feet.
So how long was their commute? The Kaintucks
took the Trace at least 440 miles north to
Nashville!
Along the way these travelers encountered all
kinds of hardship. Whether they were battling tent-
battering summer storms, cold rivers and swamps,
or rival traders, the trip wasn’t for the faint of
heart. Nevertheless, more than 10,000 Kaintucks
made this journey in the year 1810 alone!
(http://www.scenictrace.com)
Natchez Trace
Road Transport
The most common mode of transport
Road Transport
◦ Passenger Transport
◦ Movement of people
◦ Bus, taxi, Para-transit, tut-tut, jitneys, mini buses, trishaw, bicycle, Bajaj, Gojek (ride-hailing
services)
◦ Freight Transport
◦ Movement of Goods
◦ Different types of goods need different kind of transport – liquid products, weather/humidity
sensitive products, sizes of products
◦ Prime movers, trailers, lorries, vans, Gojek (courier delivery) etc
Paratransit
The operation differs in developed and developing countries
Paratransit in developing countries are customized vehicles from used
and new vehicles to ferry passengers
◦ In Philippines – used military jeeps were converted as jeepneys; motorcycles
converted as 3-wheelers sidecar
◦ In Thailand, the small trucks/pick-ups were converted as tuktuks (Hatyai). In
Bangkok, the motorcycles were converted as tuktuks (sam lor) similar to
rickshaw with small engine fitted in.
◦ In Africa paratransit services are defined as informal transportation which
operates between the public and individual private spheres
Paratransit in Philippines
Some examples
◦ Jeepneys
◦ Tricycles and pedicabs
◦ A tricycle is a motorcycle with a sidecar
◦ a pedicab is a bicycle with a sidecar
◦ In Metro Manila the operation of tricycles is restricted partly because they cause traffic
congestion.
◦ AUVs
◦ Asian utility vehicles (AUVs). Converted vans with a seating capacity of seven to eleven persons
including the driver.
◦ Multicabs
◦ Multicabs are similar to jeepneys but with most vehicles having about half the capacity of
jeepneys. Multicabs are based on the Daihatsu or Suzuki mini-vans. The small bodies made them
popular and often competing with jeepneys and tricycles for passengers.
Jeepney, Multicab, Tricycle,
Pedicab
Paratransit
In the developed countries (USA for example), paratransit
o transportation service that supplements larger public transit systems by
providing individualized rides without fixed routes or timetables
o Paratransit provides transportation for people with disabilities who are
unable to use the regular, fixed route transit service that serves their region.
o Paratransit provides door-to-door service for people who call to reserve a
ride.
o Paratransit is a civil right. The Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 (ADA)
prohibits discrimination based on physical disabilities of an individual.
o https
://www.disabilityrightstx.org/en/handout/what-is-paratransit-service-and-ho
w-can-i-get-it/
Demand Responsive
Transport (DRT)
Also known as 
◦ demand-responsive transit (DRT), 
◦ demand-responsive service,
◦ Dial-a-Ride transit (DART)

Flexible transport services

◦ Passenger will call hours/ days before the operator. On the day, a vehicle will
pick-up the passenger normally from his home (door-to-door) and send to
the destination and back home.
◦ Normally used by people with disability (paratransit), elderly and in areas
where the demand for normal fixed public transport services are low (not
financially viable to operate)
◦ Operates by company contracted by the government or local NGOs,
sometimes with subsidized fares
Passenger Transport
Public Transport
◦ Shared by general public
◦ Bus, taxi, motorcycle (gojek) , bicycle

Private Transport
◦ owned by individuals, companies.
◦ Private cars, motor cycles, bicycle
Transport is a
service
Characteristics of Services
Products and services differ
1. Intangibility
2. Perishability
3. Inseparability
4. Heterogeneity
5. Lack of ownership
Characteristics of Services
1. Intangibility
◦ Something that you cannot see until you used the service. Unlike, the
physical product, the potential buyers can see, hold, touch, smell
before buying.
◦ For services, the buyer needs to consume the services then he can feel
and make evaluation on the ‘quality ‘ of services
◦ Normally, the buyer will base on the past experience before using
(purchasing) the services, recommendation from others such as
friends, magazines or through word-of-mouth
◦ Your friend informed you that he had bad experience when using ABC
bus company services. This might influence you not to use ABC bus
company
Characteristics of Services
2. Perishability
◦ The service is developed and used simultaneously
◦ The service cannot be stored for later used. It has a specific time to sell
normally before the departures times.
◦ The unsold seats represent the lost revenue forever.

3. Inseparability
◦ The services cannot be separated by service providers.
◦ The driver and passenger travelling together to the destination
 Characteristics of Services
4. Heterogeneity
◦ Difficult to make service identical. The first service may vary to the second
service
◦ Level of service is influenced by the personality, moods, attitude and behavior of
service provider
◦ Sardines Cap Ayam maintain the same taste over time, identical to the next can,
but friendly ticketing staff might turn to be an unfriendly the next hours

5. Lack of ownership
◦ Buying a service does not resulted in ownership of the product. The buyer only
has the opportunity to use a service for a specific times only.
◦ Passenger of air services from KLIA to Heathrow can only used the services for 13
hours. It does not result in ownership of the plane boarded.
◦ The practice to give a memento as a kind of ownership
Service Marketing Mix (7 Ps)
1. Product
2. Price
3. Place
4. Promotion
5. People
6. Process
7. Physical Evidence
Road Freight
Road Haulage
Transporting of goods by road
Road Haulage Company
◦ A company in business of transporting goods by road
◦ General goods; Container haulage
Freight Transport and Cost Impacts
Critical service characteristics and related supply chain cost impacts
◦ Transit time
◦ Volume and cost of holding inventory
◦ Potential stockout and/or safety stock costs
◦ Reliability or consistency of transit time
◦ Safety stock and/or stockout costs
◦ Accessibility: impacts transport cost and time
◦ Capability: “special” service requirements – products requiring controlled
temperature
◦ Security: safety stocks and/or stockout costs

23
Operating and Service Characteristics For
Freight Transport
Trucking has an advantage on most service-related
characteristics
◦ Accessibility
◦ Door-to-door service
◦ Speed (transit time)
◦ Enables lower inventory levels
◦ Connections to other modes: universal connector
◦ Smaller carrying capacity – inventory advantage
◦ Lower damage rates than rail
Inland Clearance Depot
(ICD)
Inland clearance depot (ICD)
◦ is a freight terminal located away from ports whereby goods are temporarily
placed prior to custom clearance.
◦ ICD provides storage area for most kind of goods such as general goods, bulk
cargoes and containerized cargoes, and custom clearance services.
◦ It is also called a dry port.
◦ ICD is introduced particularly to accelerate and clear the cargoes movement
at ports to the ICD. By doing this congestion and delays of clearing goods at
ports could be eliminated or reduced.
◦ The ICD also handles goods for export. In Malaysia, the ICD is a designated
area licensed under the Custom Act 1967.
◦ Ipoh Cargo Terminal, Sungei Way Inland Clearance Depot, Nilai Inland Port,
Segamat Inland Port, Batu Pahat Container Terminal and Tebedu Inland Port.
The Regulator
The government through SPAD/ APAD
◦ The Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD)
◦ SPAD is developing the National Land Public Transport Master Plan to set out
the vision and direction for public transport in Malaysia.

Previously under the CVLB

◦ Issuing a license
◦ Enforcement
SPAD
The vision
◦ Achieve a safe, reliable, efficient, responsive, accessible, planned, integrated,
affordable and sustainable land public transport system to enhance socio-
economic development and quality of life
SPAD
Was officially established on 3 June 2010 following the passing of the
Suruhanjaya Pengangkutan Awam Darat Act 2010 by Parliament in May
2010.
SPAD gained its full powers on 31 January 2011 with the gazetting of the
Land Public Transport Act 2010.
Takes over the functions of Commercial Vehicles Licensing Board (CVLB),
Department of Railways and the tourism vehicles licensing function of
the Ministry of Tourism in Peninsula Malaysia. 
2018 The Government to abolish (decommission) the SPAD Act 2010
New Agency APAD (Land Public Transport Agency) to replace the SPAD
◦ Will take over most of the functions of the SPAD
SPAD
SPAD, which comes directly under the purview of the Prime Minister.
APAD is an agency under the Ministry of Transport (MOT)
Functions of drawing up policies, planning and regulating all aspects of
train, bus and taxi services as well as road- and rail-based freight
transport under one roof.
SPAD also has enforcement powers which it will carry out with close
cooperation with other enforcement agencies such as the Royal
Malaysian Police and the Road Transport Department.
The National Land Public
Transport Master Plan
The guiding principles for the National Land Public Transport Master Plan is
◦ to provide a public transport service to allow improvements in accessibility and
connectivity, capacity and overall quality. This will encourage modal transfer,
improve reliability and service quality and provide economic, social and
environmental benefits.
◦ sets the building blocks for National Land Public Transport Policy and provides a
Toolkit for the development of Regional/Sector Land Public Transport Master
Plan (LPTMP).
◦ The Toolkit includes guidance on the methodology for setting objectives, plan development, policy
measures and assessment.
◦ The Regional/Sector Land Public Transport Master Plan can then interface with
other planning documents such as Structure Plans and Local Plans to integrate
with land use policy. This sets out a framework for developing and appraising
schemes in order to secure appropriate funding and achieve value for money.
Government Plans to Improve
Road/Rail Passengers Services
in Urban Areas
- GTP NKRA UPT
NATIONAL KEY RESULTS AREA
FOR URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT
INITIAL TARGETS
1. Raise the modal share to 13% in 2010 and to 25% by 2012 during the
morning peak in the Klang Valley
2. Improve reliability and journey times
3. Enhance comfort and convenience
4. Improve accessibility and connectivity such that the percentage of the
population living within 400 metres of a public transport route is
increased from 63% to 75% in 2012.
Initiatives Established
Under the NKRA-UPT.
Eleven initiatives were established under the NKRA-UPT.
Among the initiatives being implemented by the Suruhanjaya
Pengangkutan Awam Darat (SPAD) are:
◦ Implementation of five Bus Expressway Transit services and the study on bus
lanes and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) networks
◦ Refurbishing 634 bus stops and build 306 new covered bus stops
◦ Smart ticketing integration
◦ Improving bus networks
◦ Establishment of performance standards for operators
Initiatives Established
Under the NKRA-UPT.
Other initiatives being carried out by other government agencies are:
◦ Stepping up on enforcement
◦ Increasing capacity of the KTM Komuter
◦ Increasing capacity of the monorail
◦ Increasing capacity of the Kelana Jaya and Ampang LRT lines
◦ Establishment of Integrated Transit Terminals
◦ Physical integration of stations
Bus Industry
In Malaysia, most bus companies are owned and operated by private
companies, except Kenderaan Bas MARA, but government control in
term of license
◦ Fare
◦ Schedule

Entitled for subsidized diesel for RM1.88/litre

Bus Industry
Express Bus
◦ Long distance; intercity
◦ More than 32km

Stage Bus
◦ Serve the urban and rural
◦ One-Man Operation (OMO)
Income
Bus company
◦ Fare
◦ Luggage
◦ Selling of old bus/ used spare parts/ used lubricants
Expenses
Major costs
◦ The chassis
◦ Body works
◦ Airconds
◦ Prime movers
◦ Trailers
◦ Lorries
Vehicles Class-
Types
 Vehicles Class-Types
Lorry Class ‘A’ (Lori Pembawa ‘A’ )
◦ Vehicles that do business of transporting goods of other parties of for hire
purposes
◦ KA (carrying container)

Lorry Class ‘C’ (Lori Pembawa ‘C’)

◦ Vehicles that carries own goods for business purposes
Types of Vehicles
RIGID VEHICLES TRAILER VEHICLES
◦ Cargo Truck With Tail-Lift Platform ◦ Prime Mover
◦ Cargo Truck With Crane ◦ Semi-Trailer
◦ ◦ Tanker
Livestock Carrier
◦ ◦ Timber Jinker
Pallet Truck
◦ Pole Trailer
◦ Tank Truck
◦ Refrigerated Body
◦ Refrigeration Truck
◦ Low Loader
◦ Cargo Truck ◦ Cement Truck
◦ Box Van ◦ Platform Trailer
◦ Cargo Truck With Trailer ◦ Container Trailer
◦ Dump Truck ◦ Box Trailer
◦ Concrete Mixer ◦ Bulk Tanker
◦ Hookroll Truck ◦ Car Transporter
◦ Concrete Pump ◦ Tipping Trailer
Types Of Buses
Stage Bus (Bas Berhenti-henti )
◦ A passenger bus which provides a regular return scheduled services, with
predetermined fare structure based on a distance or a zone. Normally this
type of service has frequent stops to take and alight passengers. A passenger
needs to push the bell to notify the driver that they want to alight the bus.
◦ Replacement 15 years from date of registration

Express Bus (Bas Ekspres)

◦ Inter-city bus services.
◦ A passenger bus which provide a regular return scheduled services, with
predetermined fare structure and approved routes for a distance not less
than 32 kilometer
◦ Replacement 10 years from date of registration
Types Of Buses
School Bus (Bas Sekolah)
◦ A bus that exclusively to carry school’s children, staff or any other education
institutions
◦ Replacement 20 years from date of registration

Employee/Factory/Worker Bus (Bas Pekerja)

◦ A bus that used to carry staffs/employees of any industry from one place to
their office.

Transfer/Transit Bus (Bas Pengantara)

◦ A bus service that provides round services for a distance more than seven
kilometre.
◦ Normally provided for free as part of the complimentary services or at a
specific fares
Types Of Buses
Mini Bus (BAS MINI)
◦ A bus with seating capacity not exceeding 26 passengers (and driver)

Charter Bus (Bas Catar )

◦ A bus for hire for a specific duration and to a place/destination determined by
a renter

Taxi/Cab (Teksi)
◦ A motor-vehicle with seating capacity not exceeding six person (and driver) to
a place/destination for a fare
Types Of Buses
Car for Hire (Kereta Sewa)
◦ A motor-vehicle with seating capacity not exceeding six (plus driver) or 12
(plus driver)

Airport Taxi (Teksi Lapangan Terbang)

◦ A motor-vehicle with seating capacity not exceeding seven people (plus
driver) used to carry passengers to and from an airports
Types Of Buses
Luxury Taxi (Teksi Mewah)
◦ A motor-vehicle with seating capacity not exceeding seven (plus driver) and
has a difference (higher) fares

Excursion/Tour Bus (Bas Persiaran)

◦ Bus that exclusively used to carry tourists for a certain charge (no specific
fares structure).
Components of Transport
Components of transport
◦ The way
◦ Transport carrying unit
◦ Motive power
◦ Terminal
Components of Transport
The ways, travel ways, or rights-of-ways
◦ Are tracks or media on which, or through which, the vehicles travel.
◦ Refer to common streets and roads, reserved lanes (designated only), or
busways (grade-separated roadways for buses only)
Components of Transport
Roads
◦ Federal Roads
◦ Built and maintained by the federal government
◦ State roads
◦ Built and maintained by the state
◦ Municipal roads
◦ Built and maintained by the local authorities
◦ Private roads
◦ Built and maintained by the individuals, private organizations
Components of Transport
Reserved Lane
◦ Bus lane. Bus priority over the other traffic
◦ A newly built road has a special lane or the existing road converted to
bus/taxi lane only
◦ It is separated by lines (e.g. yellow lines) as indicator to prohibit other modes
of transport from using the lane
◦ A clear signage on areas and operational hours. Normally during the day
times or during the peak hours. After these hours, other traffics are allowed
to used the lanes
Reserved Bus Lane
Components of Transport
Busways
◦ Grade-separated roadways for buses only. It is separated with other modes
by having a dedicated bus ways.
◦ The other traffic could not encroach to the bus ways. It is totally separated
with other traffic
◦ Improve the bus movement, overcome the congestion by having trapped in
traffic jam
◦ Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
Brisbane Busway
Components of Transport
Transport Carrying Unit (Vehicles or cars)
◦ Are the means by which the traffic – that is, the passengers or freight – is
carried.
◦ Buses, cars, motorcycles, prime movers, lorries
◦ Bus can carry more passengers than private cars
◦ Express bus can carry 40 passengers as opposed to private car only 5. Express bus can carry 8
times more passengers than car.
◦ Prime mover can carry container on trailer
◦ Lorry can carry general goods
Components of Transport
Motive Power/ Propulsion
◦ refers to the type of propulsion unit and method of traction, or transferring
acceleration/ deceleration forces.
◦ Major components
◦ Type of propulsion unit
◦ Diesel internal combustion engine (ICE)
◦ Electric motor; Gasoline ICE; gas turbine; steam engine; linear induction motor (LIM)
◦ Method of transferring tractive force
◦ including friction/ adhesion (dominant), magnetic forces, cable, rotor (helicopter) and
propeller
Components of Transport
Euro Engines
◦ Environment friendly engines
◦ European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust
emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states. The emission standards
are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive
introduction of increasingly stringent standards.
Euro Engines
Euro 6 Emissions Legislation
◦ Euro 6 will become mandatory for new registrations from 31st December
2013.
◦ Euro 6 continues the drive to reduce harmful exhaust emissions that started
in 1993 with Euro 1. Since then successive Euro levels have reduced the limit
for NOX by 95% and for particulates by 97% to the Euro 6 levels
Components of Transport
The Terminals
◦ Provide the access and exit points along the way – the essential nodal points
of any transport system.
◦ Bus stops, stations, loading areas, wharves, river ports, airfields and airports
◦ Must equipped with other basics amenities
◦ Necessary information to the users
Components of Transport
Locations and facilities at which vehicles stop to pick up and drop off
passengers
◦ Stops
◦ are locations along streets with simple facilities (signs, shelters, etc)
◦ Stations
◦ are usually facilities below, on, or above ground for passengers and system operation
◦ Terminals
◦ are end stations of major transit lines
◦ Transfer stations
◦ serve more than one line and provide for passenger interchange among them
◦ Multimodal transfer stations/ Interface
◦ are served by several modes
Bus Stop
Components of Transport
Bus garages or depots
◦ are buildings or areas for vehicles storage, repairs and maintenance.
◦ Shops are facilities for vehicles maintenance and repair
◦ Floor is an area for vehicles repair for a longer duration

Control systems
◦ include electric, computer and other electronic equipment for vehicle
detection, communication and signals, as well as central control facilities
◦ GPS to monitor the movement of vehicles and drivers
Technology
Impact of satellite technology
◦ GPS systems for vehicle tracking and onboard computers for communications
◦ Enhance management control
◦ Enable more efficient and timely communications between driver, management and customer
◦ Status notification
◦ Responsiveness to routing and delivery time change requests made by customers
◦ Enhancement of environmental safety in movement of hazardous materials