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Lecture 12 Farming System

Farming systems can be understood as sets of interrelated agricultural activities and resources managed by farm households to meet specific objectives. A farming system includes inputs, processes, and outputs as well as feedback between components. Common types of farming systems include subsistence, commercial, extensive, intensive, and integrated systems. Farming systems can be classified based on factors like objectives, scale of production, use of technologies and resources, and incorporation of different enterprises like crops, livestock, and aquaculture. Understanding different farming system approaches is important for developing sustainable agricultural practices.

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Ihtesham Khan
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2K views39 pages

Lecture 12 Farming System

Farming systems can be understood as sets of interrelated agricultural activities and resources managed by farm households to meet specific objectives. A farming system includes inputs, processes, and outputs as well as feedback between components. Common types of farming systems include subsistence, commercial, extensive, intensive, and integrated systems. Farming systems can be classified based on factors like objectives, scale of production, use of technologies and resources, and incorporation of different enterprises like crops, livestock, and aquaculture. Understanding different farming system approaches is important for developing sustainable agricultural practices.

Uploaded by

Ihtesham Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction:

Farm: Farm is an area of land and its buildings


which is used for growing crops and rearing
animals. It is devoted primarily to agricultural
processes with the primary objective of producing
food and other crops. It is the basic facility in food
production.
System: A system is a set of inter-related,
interacting and interdependent elements acting
together for a common purpose and capable of
reacting as a whole to external stimuli. It is
unaffected by its own output and it has external
boundaries based on all significant feed backs.
Introduction:
Farming System:
Farming system is an approach for developing farm-
household systems, built on the principles of
productivity, profitability, stability and sustainability.
The farming system approach emphasizes
understanding of farm household, community inter
linkages, reviews constraints and assesses
potentials. And it combines improvements desired
from better technology.
Objectives:
General Objective:
• To know the Concept, Definitions and
Types of Farming System
Specific Objectives:
• To acquire the information regarding the farming
system.
• To able to conceptualize the farming
approaches.
system
• To know the different types of farming
system adopting by farmers
Farming System Concept:
• A farm is a system in that it has INPUTS, PROCESSES,
OUTPUTS and FEEDBACK .
• Depending on the type of farming e.g.
arable/pastoral, commercial/subsistence, the type
and amount of inputs, processes and outputs will
vary.
• Income through arable farming alone is insufficient
for bulk of the marginal farmers.
• The other activities such as dairying, poultry,
sericulture, apiculture, fisheries etc. assume critical
importance in supplementing their farm income.
Inputs Processes Outputs
Labour Ploughing Wheat
Capital Sowing Potatoes
Seeds Spraying Barley
Animals Adding Fertilizer Seeds
Fertilizers Harvesting Crop waste
Pesticides Grazing Milk
Milking Hides
Wool
Eggs
Profit/Knowledge
Farming System Concept:
• Any farm can be viewed as a system, with
INPUTS, PROCESSES, OUTPUTS and FEEDBACK.

• INPUTS are the factors that a farm needs to


work. Inputs can be divided into two groups.
• Physical inputs are naturally occurring things such as
water, raw materials and the land.
• Human or Cultural inputs are things like
money, labour, and skills.

• PROCESSES are the actions within the farm that allow


the inputs to turn into outputs. Processes could include
things such as milking, harvesting and spraying.
Farming System Concept:
• OUTPUTS can be negative or positive. Negative outputs
include waste products and soil erosion. The positive
outputs are the finished products, such as wheat, seeds,
meat, milk, and eggs, and the money gained from the
sale of those products.

• FEEDBACK is what is put back into the system. The main


two examples of this are money, from the sale of the
outputs, and knowledge, gained from the whole
manufacturing process. This knowledge could then be
used to make the production better or improve the
efficiency of the processes.
Definition of Farming System:
• Farming system is a decision making unit comprising
the farm household, cropping and livestock system
that transform land, capital and labour into useful
products that can be consumed or sold (fresco and
westphal, 1988)
• Farming system is a resource management strategy
to achieve economic and sustained agricultural
production to meet diverse requirements of farm
livelihood while preserving resource base and
maintaining a high level of environment quality (Lal
and Miller 1990).
Definition of Farming System:
• Farming system is a set of agro economic activities that
are interrelated and interact with themselves in a
particular agrarian setting. It is a mix of farm enterprises
to which farm families allocate its resources in order to
efficiently utilize the existing enterprises for increasing
the productivity and profitability of the farm. These
farm enterprises are crop, livestock, aquaculture, agro
forestry and agri-horticulture (Sharma et al 1991).
• Farming system is a mix of farm enterprises such as
crop, livestock, aquaculture, agro forestry and fruit
crops to which farm family allocates its resources in
order to efficiently manage the existing environment for
the attainment of the family goal (Pandey et al 1992).
Definition of Farming System:
• Farming system represents an appropriate combination
of farm enterprises (cropping systems horticulture,
livestock, fishery, forestry, poultry) and the means
available to the farmer to raise them for profitability. It
interacts adequately with environment without
dislocating the ecological and socioeconomic balance on
one hand and attempts to meet the national goals on
the other (Jayanthi et al 2002).
• Farming system is a unique and reasonably stable
arrangement of farming enterprises that a household
manages according to well defined practices in response
to the physical, biological and socio-economic
environment and in accordance with the household
goals preferences and resources.
Triangle of Sustainability

Source: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/53/1/012001/pdf
Types of Farming System

Source: http://www.civilsdaily.com/blog/the-8-major-types-of-farming-systems-in-india/
Types of Farming System:
• Subsistence Farming System
• Conventional Farming System
• Alternative Farming System
• Organic Farming System
• Agro-ecological Farming System
• Bio-intensive Farming System
• Bio-dynamic Agriculture
• Permaculture
• Natural Farming
• Specialized Farming System
• Integrated Farming System Source: Rajbhandari, B. P. (2017)
Difference between Conventional & Organic Farming
Conventional Organic
It is based on economical orientation It is based on ecological orientation
GMOs are used GMOs are not used here
Synthetic fertilizers are used Synthetic fertilizers are not used
Weeds are controlled through herbicides Manually weeds are removed here
Pesticides and fungicides are used to control
pest and diseases Pest and diseases are controlled biologically

Produced obtained will have chemical


residues accumulated in it Produce is free from chemical residues

Air, water and soil pollution is common No such problem is observed


Produce is carcinogenic and causes several
health problems No such problems are observed here

Optimum input : output ratio with no


Low inputs : output ratio with pollution pollution

Soil fertility is maintained for shorter period Soil fertility is maintained on long term basis
Intensive irrigation is required Irrigation requirement are reduced
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/agriculturalchemistry/organic-farming-prospects-and-
constraints?from_action=save
Types of Integrated Farming System
• Crop-Livestock Farming System
• Crop-Livestock-Fishery Farming System
• Crop-Poultry-Fishery-Mushroom Farming System
• Crop-Fishery-Duckery Farming System
• Crop-Livestock-Fishery-Vermicomposting Farming
System
• Crop-Livestock-Forestry Farming System
• Agri-Silvi-Apiary Farming System
• Agri-Horti-Silvi-Pastoral Farming System
Types of Farming Systems
Commercial farming
 Farms that are operated with goal
of producing morethan the owners need for
the
personal use. This excess in outputs is sold
for profit.
 Commercial farms are often involve large tracts of
land. An example would be the large wheat farms
of the prairies.
 Commercial farms are capital intensive, meaning
they use more money and machinery than
humans.
Commercial Farming
Subsistence Farming
 Farms that are operated to meet the needs of
the owners with little or no extra produced.
 Subsistence farms usually involve small tracts of
land. An example would be a backyard garden.
 Subsistence farms are labour intensive. They
use people more than money or machinery
(capital).
Features of Subsistence Farming
 The whole family works on the farm
 Most of the work is done manually
 The farms are small
 Tradition methods of farming are followed
 Yield is not very high
 Most of the yield is consumed by the
family with very little surplus for the family
Subsistence Farming
Types of Farming Practices
Extensive Farming
• Farming with low inputs of capital and labour,
generally with low yields per hectare. It is
associated with regions of cheap available land
where high revenues are unimportant.
Intensive Farming
• Farming with a high level of inputs (capital and
labour) and high yields. Outputs are valuable
and often perishable. Intensive farming is
usually found in regions of dense population
and high land values.
Crop Rotation
• A farming practice that farmers use to protect
the soil.
• Fields are divided into sections with a
different crop planted in each section and one
section left fallow.
• Each year the type of crop planted in a
section is changed so that no one nutrient is
drawn out of the soil completely and one area
gets a break.
Crop Rotation

Source: http://www.civilsdaily.com/blog/the-8-major-types-of-farming-systems-in-india/
Shifting Cultivation
• Also known as “slash and burn” farming. This is a
farming method used in tropical and warm
temperate areas where there is thick vegetation
and a good growing season. The vegetation is cut
down and burned by the farmer and the burned
out area is used for a few years until crops don’t
grow well and weeds begin to take over. Farmers
then move to a new site and repeat the process.
Shifting Cultivation (Slash & Burn)
Terrace Cultivation
• The hill and mountain slopes are cut to form
terraces and the land is used in the same way as
in permanent agriculture.
• Since the availability of flat land is limited
terraces are made to provide small patch of level
land.
• Soil erosion is also checked due to terrace
formation on hill slopes.
Terrace Cultivation

Source: http://www.civilsdaily.com/blog/the-8-major-types-of-farming-systems-in-india/
Agribusiness Farming
• It is a unique, self-sufficient farming system,
much larger than a single farm.
• Agribusinesses produce all of their own inputs,
maintain their own processing facilities and
market their outputs.
• They are large enough to form partnerships
with international corporations and have vast
capital resources to be able to afford to
consistently update to newer technologies.
Sedentary & Nomadic Farming
• Sedentary farming is when a farm is based in the
same location all the time.
• Nomadic is a farming practice of raising livestock
where the farmer has no home base but rather
moves around with the herd to different grazing
areas as suits the farmer.
• This practice is found most often in
underdeveloped countries where land ownership
is not well defined, or is defined on a cultural
rather than personal level.
Source: http://www.civilsdaily.com/blog/the-8-major-types-of-farming-systems-in-india/
Source: http://www.civilsdaily.com/blog/the-8-major-types-of-farming-systems-in-india/
Factors Determining Farming Systems
• Natural Resources and Climate

• Science and Technology

• Trade Liberalization and Market Development

• Policies, Institutions and Public goods

• Information and Human Capital

• Indigenous Technological Knowledge


Factors Determining Farming Systems
• Soil and climatic features of the selected area.
• Availability of the resources, land, labor
& Capital.
• Present level of utilization of resources.
• Economics of proposed farming
integrated system.
• Managerial skill of farmer.
Challenges & Prospects of Farming System
• Food insecurity is increases with
population & decreasing arable land
increasing
• Small and marginalized farmers with
fragmented land holding
• Increasing use of hybrid varieties
• Institutional and policy constraints
• Demand & Supply
• Market facilities
Conclusions
• Farming enterprises include crop, livestock,
poultry, fish, sericulture etc.
• A combination of one or more with
cropping
enterpriseswhen carefully chosen, planned and
executed gives greater dividends than a single
enterprise.
• Farming system may be either subsistence or
commercial which could be labor intensive or capital
intensive.
• Commercial farming is most important & we should
adopt to produce high quantities for growing population.

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