Chemical

Compounds
 Elements
• Element:
– A substance that cannot be chemically converted into
simpler substances; a substance in which all of the
_____________________________ have the same
number of protons and therefore the same chemical
characteristics.
 Compound
• Compound:
– A substance that contains two or more
_____________________________, the atoms of
these elements always combining in the same whole-
number ratio.
 Mixtures
• Mixture:
– A sample of matter that contains two or more pure
substances (_____________________________ and
_____________________________) and has variable
composition.
 Covalent Bonding
• Results from the
_____________________________ of electrons
• Occurs between nonmetals and nonmetals
• _____________________________ - an
uncharged collection of atoms held together by
covalent bonds.
– Two hydrogen atoms combine to form a hydrogen
molecule, which is described with the formula H 2.
 Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• If the electrons are shared
_____________________________, there is a even
distribution of the negative charge for the electrons in
the bond, so there is no partial charges on the atoms.
• The bond is called a
_____________________________ covalent bond.
• Occurs between like elements – 7 diatomic molecules
– H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
 Polar Covalent Bond
• If one atom in the bond attracts electrons more than
the other atom, the electron negative charge shifts
to that atom giving it a partial negative charge.
• The other atom loses negative charge giving it a
partial _____________________________
charge. The bond is called a
_____________________________ covalent
bond.
• Occurs between different nonmetals
 Ionic Bonding
• The attraction between
_____________________________ and
_____________________________.
• Atoms of nonmetallic elements often attract
electrons so much more strongly than atoms of
metallic elements that one or more electrons are
transferred from the metallic atom (forming a
positively charged particle or cation), to the
nonmetallic atom (forming a negatively charged
particle or anion).
Bond Types
 Types of Compounds
• All nonmetallic atoms usually leads to all
covalent bonds, which from molecules.
• These compounds are called
_____________________________
compounds.
• Metal-nonmetal combinations usually lead to
ionic bonds and
_____________________________
compounds.
 Valence Electrons
• _____________________________ electrons
are the highest energy, “s” and “p” sublevel
electrons
• This is where
_____________________________ takes place
 Naming Covalent Compounds
• _____________________________
compounds are nonmetal-nonmetal compounds
• There will be only 2 elements
• Electrons are
_____________________________ not
transferred
• Use prefixes to identify the number of atoms in
the compound
 Prefixes
• Mono- 1
• Di-2
• Tri- 3
• Tetra-4
• Penta- 5
• Hexa-6
• Hepta- 7
• Octa- 8
• Nona- 9
• Deca-10
 Naming Covalent Compounds
• The first element never has a prefix if there is
only one
• If there is more than one of the first element, use
a prefix
• The second element ALWAYS has a prefix – even if
there is only one
• The second element ends with “-ide” ending
 Naming Covalent Compounds
• CO2 _____________________________ CO
_____________________________
P2O10 _____________________________ N2O3
_____________________________ NO2
_____________________________ PBr3
_____________________________
 Writing Formulas for
Covalent Compounds
• Basic structure:
• If there is more than one of the first nonmetal
– Prefix(name of nonmetal) prefix(root of nonmental)ide

• If there is only one of the first nonmetal

– (name of nonmetal) prefix(root of nonmetal)ide
 Alkanes – Covalent Bonding
• Alkanes are
_____________________________ chains
with hydrogen attached
• Named differently than regular covalently
bonded compounds
• There are 10 you will learn – they must be named
in this manner
 Alkanes
• Methane CH4
• Ethane C2H6
• Propane C3H8
• Butane C4H10
• Pentane C5H12
• Hexane C6H14
• Heptane C7H16
• Octane C8H18
• Nonane C9H20
• Decane C10H22
 Naming Ionic Compounds
• Ionic bonding involves the
_____________________________ of electrons
• Some elements
_____________________________ electrons
(nonmetals) and others (metals)
_____________________________ electrons
• Those that gain electrons are called anions – they
take on a negative charge
• Those that lose electrons are called cations – they
take on a positive charge
 Ions
• Metals always lose
_____________________________ – the charge is
equal to the number of electrons lost
• _____________________________ always gain
electrons – the charge is equal to the number of
electrons gained

• When writing the formula for an ionic compound, the

cation is always written first and the anion second
 Rules for Writing Ionic Formulas
• Certain groups on the periodic table have specific
charges
• Group 1 – _____________________________–
always +1
• Group 2 – _____________________________–
always +2
• Group of 6 have set charges as well
 Rules for Writing Ionic Formulas
• Group 17 – _____________________________
– always -1
• Group 16 – _____________________________
Group – always -2
• Group 15 – _____________________________
Group – always -3
• All other elements on the periodic table has
the potential to have multiple charges.
• These will be discussed a little later
 Rules for Writing Ionic Formulas
• Always write the positive
_____________________________ first
(metals) and the
_____________________________ second
(nonmetals)
• The overall charge of an ionic compound must
equal zero
– Compounds are neutral
• Go with what you know
 Rules for Naming Ionic Formulas
• Type 1 Compounds
– These are metals that only have _________________
possible charge
• Include elements from Group 1, Group 2, and the 6 at the
right of center (Ag, Zn, Cd, Al, Ga, In)
 Rules for Naming Ionic Formulas
• Naming Type 1 Compounds

• NaCl

• Name the first element as is

• Name the second element as is but end with –ide

• Sodium chloride
 Rules for Naming Ionic Formulas
• BaCl2 _____________________________ ZnO
_____________________________ SrBr2
_____________________________ K3P
_____________________________ Al2S3
_____________________________ AgF
_____________________________ Mg3N2
_____________________________
 Naming Ionic Compounds
• When going form the name to the formula,
write the ions first
• Balance the ions by adding subscripts

• Sodium bromide
• Na+1 Br-1
• NaBr
• Sodium iodide _____________________________
Potassium phosphide
_____________________________ Cadmium
selenide _____________________________ Zinc
fluoride _____________________________ Silver
nitride _____________________________ Gallium
sulfide _____________________________ Indium
bromide _____________________________
• Calcium oxide _____________________________
 Rules for Naming Ionic Formulas
• Type 2 Compounds
– In these compounds, the
_____________________________ (metal) is
anything else on the periodic table (not group 1 or 2,
or the 6)
– These metals have
_____________________________
• For example, copper can have a +1 or +2 charge
 Rules for Naming Ionic Formulas
• Type 2 Compounds
• Fe2O3
• Name the first element as is, then identify the
charge of that element
– Iron
• Use a Roman numeral to identify the charge
– Iron (III)
• Name the second element as is with the –ide ending
– Iron (III) oxide
Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds
• Type 2
• CuCl2 ____________________________
• FeBr3 _____________________________
• CoN _____________________________
• Mn2O7 _____________________________
• Au2O3 _____________________________
• SnO2 _____________________________
 Writing Formulas from Names
• When going from the name to the formula,
write the ions first
• Balance the ions by adding subscripts
• Copper (II) chloride ___________________
• Iron (III) sulfide ___________________
• Chromium (III) oxide ___________________
• Cobalt (II) nitride ___________________
• Copper (I) phosphide ___________________
• Manganese (IV) bromide ______________________
• Gold (III) iodide ___________________
 Polyatomic Ions
• ___________________________– a many atomed
charged particle that behaves as a single unit

• If you need more than one polyatomic ion, you

must use parentheses ( )

• Name the cation as usual – either Type 1 or 2

• Name the polyatomic ion as it’s name
 Polyatomic Ions
• Ba(NO3)2 _________________________
• CaCrO4 ____________________________
• Fe(CN)2 ____________________________
• K2CO3 ____________________________
• Cu(OH)2 ____________________________
SrSO4 ____________________________
Cr(ClO3)3 ____________________________
 Polyatomic Ions
• Polyatomic ions can change their number of
_________________________

• A polyatomic ion can lose or gain oxygen atoms,

however, the _________________________
remains the same
Per - _____ - ate
 Move down – lose 1 oxygen
_____ - ate
each step
_____ - ite
Hypo - _____ - ite
_____ - ide Move up – gain 1 oxygen
(single elem- each step
no oxygen)
• SO3 ― 2
• ClO ―
• BrO4 ―
• PO2 ― 3
• IO4 ―
• ClO2―
 Naming Ionic Compounds
• Na2SO3
• Mg(BrO2)2
• Cu(ClO)2
• AlPO3
• Mn(IO4)2
• CdSO2
• Zn(ClO2)2
• Ammonium nitrate
• Strontium oxalate
• Copper (II) cynide
• Rubidium sulfate
• Barium nitrite
• Iron (II) hydroxide
• Aluminum perchlorate
• Zinc nitrate
• Lead (IV) sulfite
 Naming Acids
• – donate hydrogen ions, H+, to
solution
• Will start with hydrogen
• The hydrogen identifies the substance as an acid
• Ignore the hydrogen in the name (cation) and
name the acid based on the anion
• HCl
• HNO3
• HIO2
• H3PO4
• HC2H3O2
• HClO4
• H2SO4
• H3PO2
• HBr
• Sulfurous acid
• Hyponitrous acid
• Hydrofluoric acid
• Phosphoric acid
• Periodic acid
• Acetic acid
• Hydrosulfuric acid
 Naming Acid Salts
• A with part of an
in it.
• NaHCO3
• The sodium makes it a salt.
• The HCO3-1 is part of an acid (H2CO3)