Jacket Analysis

&
Design
 OS/2
JACKET PLATFORMS
 Well Platform – constructed over wells.
 Drilling Platform – For drilling wells.
 Process Platform – For processing
crude.
 Accommodation / Utility Platform – utility
/ Services.
 Water Injection Platform – inject water in
the well.
 Flare Platforms.
 Anciliary platforms.
Offshore Structures
 OS/3
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/4
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/5
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/6
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/7
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/8
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/9
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/10
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/11
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/12
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/13
PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION
 Different stages of jacket platform
construction / installation includes
• Main frames are fabricated in fabrication
yard; they are rolled up to vertical position
and then pieces are welded together by
connection members.
• In the fabrication yard as well as in the
launch barge, the jacket is supported on
the launch truss.
• Launch truss chords are continuously
supported on the launch way.
• While transporting, the jacket is secured to
the barge by fixing tie - down bracings.
Offshore Structures
 OS/14
CONTD.
• By selectively ballasting different
compartments of the barge, barge is
inclined.
• Barge rolls off due to its own weight and it
is held by rocker arm; there is splashing of
the jacket as it rolls off.
• After conclusion of the launching, the
jacket floats up in horizontal position with
only one side framing visible; at this stage
jacket legs are not flooded or partially
flooded.
• By flooding various tanks in the lower legs
and with the assistance of the crane of a
derrick barge, the jacket is upended from a
horizontal position to an upright position.
Offshore Structures
 OS/15
CONTD.
• The jacket is placed in upright position on
mudmat for temporary support before
piling.
• Tubular steel piles are then driven into the
sea bed through the legs. They are
subsequently attached to the jacket by
grouting.
• Piles through the legs are also welded to
the jacket at the top.
• The deck structure is then lifted as one unit
or in pieces on the top of jacket and welded
in place.
• All appurtenance including risers,
instruments and electrical are then
completed.
Offshore Structures
 OS/16
PLANNING CONSIDRATION
 Operational considerations
• Function such as drilling / production /
storage.
• Location in-terms of geographic area,
tides, wave height.
• Orientation with respect to prevailing seas,
winds, currents, operational requirements.
• Water depth in-terms of elevations
required for boat landings, fenders, decks,
etc.
• Fire protection system in accordance with
local regulations and functional
requirements.

Offshore Structures
 OS/17
CONTD.
• Location and number of stair ways, access
for boat landings.
• Plans for handling personnel and material,
type and capacity of cranes, anchorage
system for supply vessel.
• Provisions for spillage and contamination,
exposure of facilities to extreme
conditions.
• Deck elevation in-terms of clearance and
air gap with respect to design wave.
• Platform portioning and design in respect
of location of wells, well conductor and
support system.

Offshore Structures
 OS/18
CONTD.
• Layouts and weights of drilling
equipments, production equipments and
material and their supporting arrangement.
 Site investigation for foundation
• Sea bottom survey including bathy metry
and structural features, side scan sonar
etc.
• Soil investigation and testing to ascertain
the pile design information.
 Determination of plat form type such as
jacket or template, tower (large diameter
legs), gravity structures, floating
production system, compliant platform.

Offshore Structures
 OS/19
CONTD.
 Selection of the design environmental
condition using risk analysis such as
possible loss of life, prevention of
pollution, probability of platform damage,
estimated cost etc.
 Possibility of platform reuse and
assessment for fitness at interval should
also form a part of planning.
 Safety considerations over and above
structural safety such risk of fire, blast
and accidental loading.
 Compliance with codal provisions and
regulation.
Offshore Structures
 OS/20
CONTD.
 Exposure categories including life safety
and consequence of failure; exposure
categories such as manned non-
evacuated (L-1), manned evacuated (L-2),
unmanned (L-3) and consequences of
failure categories such as high (L-1),
medium (L-2) and Low (L-3) must be
ascertained.
 Environmental considerations should
include general meteorological and
oceanographic considerations including
normal (service life) and extreme
conditions.

Offshore Structures
 OS/21
CONTD.
 Wind speeds for normal and extreme
conditions including probable gust,
sustained wind speed, frequency of
occurrence, direction etc.
 Wind driven wave for normal and
extreme condition including average
persistent sea states, probability
distribution of extreme waves.
 Ice in arctic and sub-arctic regions
including the ice force, mode ice failure
and ice strength.

Offshore Structures
 OS/22
CONTD.
 Tides and currents including
astronomical tide, wind tide, pressure
differential tide, tidal current, circulatory
current, storm generated current, current
profile etc.

 Active geological processes including

earthquakes existence of faults, seafloor
instability, scour both local and global.

 Shallow gas i.e presence of biogenic and

petrogenic gas in pore water, marine
growth, fog, precipitation, wind chill, sea
temperature etc.
Offshore Structures
 OS/23
LOADS FOR ANALYSIS
 Dead loads - dry weight of platform,
piles, grout, ballast, equip, appurtenance,
hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy.
 Environmental loads, winds, currents,
waves, earthquakes etc.
 Live loads - non permanent drilling and
production equipments, living quarter,
helicopter etc. consumable supplies,
operational loads, deck crane usage.
 Construction load from fabrication work.
 Dynamic loads due to wind, wave,
earthquake and impact.
Offshore Structures
 OS/24
DESIGN LOAD CONDITION
 Combined loading due to environmental,
dead and live loads should be
considered.
• OPE + dead + max Live / min live.
• DE + dead + max live.
• DE + dead + min live.
 Earthquake load should be considered
separately.
 OPE is representative of moderately
severe condition (1 to 5 year storm).
 Temporary loadings like fabrication,
transportation, installation etc.
Offshore Structures
 OS/25
ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD
 Static wave analysis requires following
consideration:
• Determination of apparent wave period
using doppler effect; for smalls values of
d/gT2,
Tapp / T 1  vL gd
d is storm water depth (inclusive of
storm surge and tide), VLis current velocity
in wave direction.
• Wave kinematics are obtained using linear
wave theory/stroke’s theory for Tapp, H,d.
• All structural members should be
increased in cross sectional area to
account for marine growth.
Offshore Structures
 OS/26
CONTD.
• Wave kinematics are to be multiplid by
wave kinematics factor (0.85 to 0.95) for
wave directional spreading; further it is to
be multiplied by current blockage effect
(0.7 to 0.9).
• Wave kinematics and current effect should
be calculated based local wave surface;
stretching of current profile is necessary.
• Conductor shielding factors need to be
considered for wave force calculation for
well conductors closely spaced (0.7 to
0.9); depends on S/D ratio.
• For unshielded circular member cd, cm
values are recommended as 0.65, 1.6
(smooth) 1.05, 1.2 (rough).

Offshore Structures
 OS/27
CONTD.
• Wave forces are to calculated using either
Morrison’s equation or wave diffraction
theory.
• Global structural forces i.e base shear and
overturning moment should be calculated
after considering DAF, wind force on the
exposed portion and proper positioning of
wave crest to give maximum values of
base shear and moment.
• Local member design should be obtained
for local forces in which lift force, dynamic
effect, buoyancy, weight, slam forces
(nearly vertical) and positioning of the
wave crest may be important.
• Hydrodynamic forces an appurtenance
must be computed.

Offshore Structures
 OS/28
CONTD.
 Dynamic Wave Analysis
• Necessary when wave energy is significant
at frequencies near platform frequency.
• Dynamic wave analysis is superimposed on
the global loads due to sustained wind
loads. Different factors associated with
wave and current are considered as those in
the case static wave analysis.
• Morrison’s equation should be based on
relative velocity.
• Mass, stiffness and damping should be
properly consider; equivalent viscous
damping is 2 to 3% for extreme wave.
• A time history analysis is usually performed.

Offshore Structures
 OS/29
CONTD.
 Wind Analysis
• Dynamic analysis due to gustiness of the
wind is not envisaged for jacket platform.
• Sustained wind loads using one hour
mean wind speed are considered for
global platform wind load which constitute
less than 10% of the total global load.
• Gust speed may be required for design of
individual members.
• Proper wind velocity profile and all angles
of approach should be considered.
• Proper shielding coefficient, pressure
coefficient and vortex shedding effect for
slender member should be considered.

Offshore Structures
 OS/30
METOCEAN CRITERIA FOR MAXICO
 The criteria are defined interms of
• One dimensional wave height vs. water
depth.
• Principal direction associated with omni
directional wave height.
• Wave height vs. direction.
• Currents associated with wave height by
direction.
• Associated wave period, storm tide, wind
speed.
 The criteria are primarily provided for L-1
structures and are based on 100y wave
height.
Offshore Structures
 OS/31
CONTD.
 Similar criteria may be defined for other
countries / regions.
 Earthquake should be considered if the
structure is situated in high seismic zone
(PGA- > 0.05g).
 Response analysis may use CQC or SRSS
method; earthquake should be combined
with other loads; enough ductility should
be provided .
 Proper deck clearance based on
environmental data should be provided.
No equipment should be below lower
deck.
Offshore Structures
 OS/32
ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES
 Tubular joints should be designed for
tensile yield load or the compressive
member buckling load.
 Joint capacity may be determined on the
basis of punching shear or nominal load.
 Deck appurtenances and equipments
should be supported so that induced
seismic forces can be resisted by them.
 If required equipment, piping systems
etc. should be analysed as secondary
systems for dynamic loads.
 Legs, risers, external wall, etc. should be
protected against accidental load.
Offshore Structures
 OS/33
FABRICATION AND INSTALLALTION
 Lifting forces are imposed on the
structure by errection lifts during the
fabrication and installation stages of
construction.
 Lifting forces on padeyes and on other
members may be vertical and horizontal.
 Forces on lifting slings should be
calculated based on the position of lift.
 Dynamic load factor should be properly
accounted for when the structure to be
lifted is on a floating vessel for impact
consideration.

Offshore Structures
 OS/34
CONTD.
 When suspended, c.g of the lift and
centroid of all upward acting forces on
the lift one in static equilibrium.
 Due consideration should be also given
to fabrication and sling length tolerances
which may contribute to the distribution
of lifting forces.
 Slings, shackles and fittings should have
strength having adequate factor of safety
(3 to 4).
 Critical combination of forces during
lifting should be considered.
Offshore Structures
 OS/35
LOAD OUT FORCES
 Lifting forces for a structure loaded out
by direct lift on to the transportation
barge should be calculated if it is lifted in
open water (imposes more severe
condition than installation).
 Structures skidded on to transportation
barges are subjected to load conditions
from movement of barge, change in draft
and settlement of support.
 All stages of skidding operation should
be considered.
 Impact force need not be considered as
the movement is normally slow.
Offshore Structures
 OS/36
TRANSPORTATION FORCES
 Determination of tow and consequent
gravitational and inertial force should
consider.
• Previous experience along the tow route.
• Exposure time and reliability of weather
prediction.
• Accessibility of safe havens.
• Recurrence interval of design wave and
wind.
• Characteristic of tow, size, structure etc.
• Dynamic characteristics of the barge.

Offshore Structures
 OS/37
CONTD.
 Tow structure, sea fastening and barge
should be analysed for gravitational,
inertial, and hydrodynamic load.
 For large jackets, hanging out position
from barge should be analysed for
slamming, buoyancy, collapse forces,
wind induced vortex for slender
members.
 For rough weather condition, dynamic
movements of the barge and consequent
transfer functions should be properly
evaluated to ascertain dynamic forces
induced in the transported jacket.
Offshore Structures
 OS/38
LAUNCHING & UP RIGHTING FORCES
 Template type of structure transported
by barge is launched by sliding and by
rotation at the barge end in rocker areas.
 Forces on the rocker beam, on the
support ways and on the jacket should
be duly calculated.
 Consideration should be given to wind,
wave, current and dynamic force acting
on barge and structure during launching
and up righting.
 Most severe force occurs at the instant of
rotation.

Offshore Structures
 OS/39
CONTD.
 Floating jackets for which lifting
equipment is employed for turning to a
vertical position should be designed to
resist gravitational and inertial force.
 Submergence pressure acting on non
flooded or partially flooded should be
properly assessed and the ring guards
should be accordingly designed.
 Temporary foundation lads should be
conservatively calculated so that the
jacket can be kept in position until piles
can be installed.

Offshore Structures
 OS/40
JACKET ANALYIS & DESIGN
 For a variety of conditions both services
and pre services, Jacket member forces
are to obtained and accordingly designed
based on extreme condition.
 Following analysis are to be performed
for the above purpose:
• In place analysis for service condition
which includes different types of load and
different load combinations; member
sizing and their adequacy are primarily
decided by this analysis. This a quasi-
static analysis including PSI and several
iterations may be necessary to arrive at
satisfactory result.

Offshore Structures
 OS/41
CONTD.
• Load Out Analysis for taking the jacket
from fabrication yard to the barge; the
analysis considers load case important for
the member forces induced while the
jacket rests on launch runner and launch
truss.
• Transportation Analysis which considers
loads imposed on the jacket structure
during transportation in burge; heave,
pitch, role motions of the barge become
important; local member vibration may
assume importance.
• Jacket Ship Impact Analysis which
considers impact force imparted to the
members on which impact takes place and
consequent forces induced in others.
Offshore Structures
 OS/42
CONTD.
• On Bottom Analysis which considers
stability of the overall jacket against
overturning, sliding and bearing.
• Jacket Launching Analysis which
considers loads imposed on the jacket
members during sliding phase of the jacket
in the inclined barge; holding down
position by rocker area and wave
slamming; critical position of the jacket is
important.
• Upending Analysis which considers load
imposed on the members during gradual
movement of floating jacket from
horizontal position to vertical position -
hydrostatic pressure on members, critical
position analysis and wave slamming.
Offshore Structures
 OS/43
CONTD.
• Seismic Analysis which is performed if the
jacket is located in seismically prone area.
• Dynamic Analysis due to passage of wave,
if necessary.
• Fatigue Analysis which considers cyclic
stress induced in the members and
consequent fatigue damage / life; they are
mainly important for the safety
assessment welded joints.
• Member design for combined bending,
axial and shear force according to API.
• Mud mat design for temporary support of
jacket before piling.

Offshore Structures
 OS/44
CONTD.
• Pile Design and Pile Drivability Analysis.
• Deck super structure analysis which
considers inplace, transportation and
lifting conditions.
• Jacket appurtenances design.
• Padeye and sling design for safe upending
operation.
• Ancilliary designs including design of
boundary modules, riser guards, boat
landing, piping on the deck, holding down
anchors, launching truss, walk way etc.

Offshore Structures
 OS/45
IN PLACE ANALYSIS
 Analysis for forces encountered in its
entire service life.
 Two level of environmental load
conditions are considered; design
(100yrs) storm and operating (1year
storm).
 Different load combinations are tried;
amongst them (i) with maxm. and minm.
LL & operating environment (ii) with
maxm. and minm. LL & Design
environment.
 Higher factor of safety is considered for
operating condition.
Offshore Structures
 OS/46
CONTD.
 Wave directionality may be considered for
best orientation; dispersion effect is to be
considered.
 Jacket appurtenance weights such as
boat landing, barge bumper, mudmat,
anode, launch runner, walkway,
hydroring, upending padeye, riser, riser
guard should be considered and applied
at appropriate nodes.
 Vortex shedding check of jacket members
for currents wave velocity.
 Riser vortex induced oscillation should
be checked.
Offshore Structures
 OS/47
CONTD.
 Wind factor calculation should be done as
per API guide lines; wind directionality
should be considered.
 3D modeling with quasi static analysis
should be performed.
 Dynamic amplification factor should be
calculated as per API.
 Analysis of the deck for operating machine
etc. should considered.
 Pile analysis should be duly incorporated
and integrated to the jacket for PSI effect;
nonlinear analysis may have to be
performed.
Offshore Structures
 OS/48
LOAD OUT ANALYSIS
 Dry jacket dead load and appurtences
and wind load are considered; 10%
contingency; mudmat load is considered.
 Analysis for load out racking condition is
carried out ie, maximum pulling force is
applied to another truss line other than
the one where skid track is blocked (P =
Jacket wt/2 X fric. Coeff).
 Wind speed of 20 m/sec with 1 year
return period & direction are considered.
 The contact points between jacket launch
leg joints and barge skid beams are
assumed compression support points.
Offshore Structures
 OS/49
JACKET TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS
 For transportation analysis dead loads as
before, wind load and inertia force due to
barge movement are considered; 10%
contingency weight is considered.
 For inertial load, roll, pitch and heave for
barge type are specified with a period
(typical : 200 roll; 130 pitch; 1g heave
accln); sea fastening are modeled as
pinned boundary.
 Wind loads for a return period of 10 years
(one minute mean) are considered.
 Different combination of inertia force and
dead weight are considered.
Offshore Structures
 OS/50
JACKET LAUNCHING ANALYSIS
 Launching analysis considers all weights
during transportation minus wind and
inertia forces.
 Barge is specified in length, distance
between rocker arms, length of rocker
arm, launching capacity of rocker arm.
 Barge is given a calculated barge trim by
drafts at forward and aft end. Acting
jacks are used to overcome static
friction.
 Once c.g of jacket crosses rocker arm
pin, tipping of rocker arm occurs.
Offshore Structures
 OS/51
CONTD.
 Jacket rotates and slides on the rocker
arm till it separates from jacket.
 After reaching maximum depth, jacket
floats up.
 Slamming force acts on jacket members
since jacket moves down with a velocity.
 Slamming force is calculated and
distributed on members for analysis.
 Stress calculations in members are done
using fixed and primed end conditions of
the members.
Offshore Structures
 OS/52
CONTD.
 Worst case scenario is obtained by
considering +5% and -3% in weight;
longitudinal c.g offset of 1% towards top;
barge trim of ± 50% in anticipated trim;
friction coefficient +25% increase.
 Analysis is done for the worst scenario
for checking the safety.
 Various stages analysed are:
jack pushing – no tipping;
sliding due to its own weight – no tipping;
sliding due to pushing of jack – tipping;
sliding due to its own weight – tipping.
Offshore Structures
 OS/53
CONTD.
 Slamming velocity:

v = v (vertical) + R cosθ ω

R = Radius from jacket c.g

θ = Angle from water surface to member

ω = Angular velocity

1
F  Cs DV 2 (Cs = 3.15)
2
Offshore Structures
 OS/54
JACKET UPENDING ANALYSIS
 Jacket floats with one of its face at water
surface.
 Entire jacket structure with appropriate
loads and miscellaneous loads of
anodes, mud mate, pad eye, hydroring,
walk way, cassions etc are considered
for analysis.
 A weight contingency of 10% is
considered.
 Bottom part of the jacket is gradually
lifted; pitch, roll, sling force and stresses
in padeye are calculated for each
equilibrium condition.
Offshore Structures
 OS/55
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/56
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/57
CONTD.
 Up righting slings are attached to pad
eye hook (hooks are at A-2, A-3, B-2, B-3
top).
 At some stage flooding of compartment
at the lower portion of legs is started.
 Controlled gradual flooding of different
compartments and well and with the help
of barge crane, jacket is upended.
 A static force calculation of jacket
member with buoyancy and weights is
performed to check safety of members,
sling and pad eye.
Offshore Structures
 OS/58
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/59
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/60
ON BOTTOM ANALYSIS
 Full jacket dead load with appurtenance
dead load are considered.
 Top sides and foundation modules are
removed.
 Wave and current (worst direction) with
collinear condition is considered to
calculate the maximum lateral force.
 Marine growth not considered, but Cd, Cm
values of jacket members having
appurtenances are modified.
 Knee bracings are designed to support
mud mat and beams under installation
condition.
Offshore Structures
 OS/61
CONTD.
 Pile head nodes are assumed as pinned;
main legs are flooded; utility water pump,
fire water pump and sump cessions are
also flooded.
 For different load combinations,
especially for minimum dead load case,
stability of the total system for over
turning, sliding and bearing are checked.
 Mudmats and beams are designed for
bearing stability.
 Safety against overturning, sliding and
bearing are checked for all current
directions with wave force.
Offshore Structures
 OS/62
CONTD.

Offshore Structures
 OS/63
APPARTENANCE DESIGN
 Burge bumpers are provided to absorb
energy imparted by ship / boat collision.
 On corner legs/outer legs where collision
can take place, they are provided.
 Generally two barge bumpers at 900 to
each face of corner legs are provided.
 For structural design, the boat impact
load is treated as concentrated load in
the middle 1/3rd of the height of post.
 Boat landing is designed such that there
is no interference with other items and
for boat impact loads.
Offshore Structures
 OS/64
CONTD.
 Members are allowed to form plastic
hinges under the design impact force.
 Jacket members supporting the boat
landing are also checked for the impact.
 Riser protection guard are checked for
boat impact load.
 Plastic analysis is performed for the riser
guard; jacket member supporting it is
designed elastically.
 Hydrostatic collapse ring stiffeners are
provided to non flooded jacket members
for guarding against collapse.

Offshore Structures
 OS/65
CONTD.
 They are designed based on hoop
buckling stress; design head of still
water level is important
 Leg top closure plate is designed to
resist hydrostatic pressure; Roarks
formula is used for the design; stiffeners
are appropriately provided.
 Launch cradle is designed for the
maximum reaction force among the load
out, transportation and launch analyses.
 Launch lug is designed to the load equal
to the friction coefficient times the jacket
launching weight.
Offshore Structures
 OS/66
SHIP IMPACT ANALYSIS
 As the ship hits any member, equal and
opposite forces are applied to member
and to the ship.

 Local denting and bending deformation

of the member, and elastic deformation
of the rest of the member take place.

 Impact is assumed at 0.5m EL for leg

member and 7.5m for horizontal brace.

 Check for both cases are done by finding

total energy being greater than assumed
input energy (DNV).
Offshore Structures
 OS/67
CONTD.
 Post impact analysis is done by ignoring
the stiffness of the dented member
(assumed to be plastified).
 Total energy = Ed + Ej + Es
Ed = 3.54 Fy (tx)1.5
Ej = Energy absorbed by jacket (other mem)
Es = Energy absorbed by ship
X = 0.000625 D (P/Fyt2)2 = denting
 
1
t= t
2
t
jj=
 t2
pjacket;
2
tp = pile
D = diameter of member
P = Ke S; S = disp. of boat c.g
Kb = boat stiffness

Offshore Structures
 OS/68
CONTD.
 Post impact inplace analysis is performed
for nearly all load combinations.
 Post impact analysis also is considered
for nonlinear soil-pile interaction.
 All cases considered for inplace analysis
are included in the post impact analysis.
 Post inpact fatigue analysis may also be
performed for evaluating fatigue life of
joints.
 Design checks for critical members
should be carried out.

Offshore Structures
 OS/69
QUASISTATIC ANALYSIS
 In the design wave approach, the wave is
stepped through the structure.
 The six global actions at the midline are
computed for each position of the wave
relative to the structure.
 This is performed for, say, three
directions of approach of the
unidirectional wave (with current
velocities added to wave velocities
vectorially).
 Plots of max shear Fx and overturning
moment MZ may be obtained.
Offshore Structures
 OS/70
CONTD.
 The maxima may be found under the
combined effects of wave, wind and
current.

 Because of the significance of stress

range in analysis of fatigue life, it is
important also to determine the positions
of the minima for each of the chosen
wave directions.

 The complete stiffness analysis is then

performed for the wave in the resulting
critical positions relative to the structure.
Offshore Structures
 OS/71
JACKET- FOUNDATION INTERACTION
 The space frame idealization of the jacket
rests on non-rigid foundation supports,
represented by fictitious springs.

 The springs must be assigned non-linear

characteristics in view of the non-linear
soil-pile system which is discussed
latter.

 To allow for scour, the highest point at

which soil reactions are considered to
act must be located several feet below
the mudline.

Offshore Structures
 OS/72
CONTD.
 The structure can, of course, be analysed
by a direct stiffness analysis of the
complete structure-foundation system.
 The soil springs have non-linear
characteristics.
 Non - linear geometric effects maybe
included by use of geometric stiffness
matrix.
 The resulting non-linear stiffness
equations for the structure plus
foundation are solved in an iterative
manner, for example, by the Newton-
Raphson method.
Offshore Structures
 OS/73
CONTD.
 The structural analysis programs like
NASTRAN could be used for such an
analysis.
 The approach is, however, highly time
consuming on the computer.
 A more economical method for large
structures is to solve the space frame
and foundation problems separately.
 The piles are analysed as a non-linear
system subject to actions at the top.
 A cyclic procedure is adopted to arrive at
a state of displacement.
Offshore Structures
 OS/74
PILE ANALYSIS
 Pile Axial Load Analysis

Summary of some pile capacity equations.

Qu = Qs + Q p
where the skin friction contribution from the
embedded area As is

Q s = q s As

and the point resistance on the gross end

area is

Q p = q p Ap
Offshore Structures
m

OS/75
CONTD.
 Driven piles in clay
Using ‘Lambda Method’

qs    m  2cm 
where  m = mean effective overburden
pressure for depth of pile embedment.
Cm = mean undrained shear strength
 = friction capacity coefficient, related to
pile penetration.
This empirical method is based on the
argument that pile friction should be related
to Rankine passive pressure mobilized in soil
surrounding pile during driving.
for end bearing
qp = Nc C with Nc = 9

Offshore Structures
 OS/76
CONTD.
 Driven piles in sand or silt
For skin friction:
qs  k  r tan  |

where  r = effective overburden pressure

 | = angle of friction of soil on pile
wall
k = a coefficient of lateral earth
pressure; typical values lie in the
range 0.5 – 1.0 for compression
and 0.5 for tension.
for end bearing:
q p  Nq r
where Nq = bearing capacity factor.
Offshore Structures
 OS/77
CONTD.
 Typical safety factors are usually taken
as 2.0 for operating conditions and 1.5
for design environmental conditions.
 Pile deflection.
The displacement  0 of a pile of length L in a
soil of modulus E, under axial load Po, is
given as
P0
0  I
LE
 I is the vertical displacement influence
factor given by Poulos and Davis.
 To account for pile group effect the
deflection or single pile can be multiplied
by factor of 1.5 – 3.
Offshore Structures
 OS/78
CONTD.
 Pile lateral load analysis.
 The deflection of the pile is given by
d2  d2y 
 EI 2 
 P  x, y 
dx 2  dx 
subject to the boundary conditions
d2y d  d2y 
EI 2  0   EI 2  at x = L, bottom of pile
dx dx  dx 

d2y d  d2y  at x = 0, top of pile

EI  M0  EI   V0
dx 2 dx  dx 2 

 The corresponding finite element

formulation is possible.

Offshore Structures
 OS/79
CONTD.
 The stiffness of each spring Esi is a
function of its deformation Yi; for a given
set of pile tip loads the equations must be
solved iteratively.
 The finite element stiffness equations are
[S] {D} = {A}
 Where [S] is itself a function of {D}.
 This is a “variable stiffness” approach.
 The simplest iterative solution consists of
the initial stiffness which is that
associated with zero displacement.
Offshore Structures
 OS/80
CONTD.
 From this the first approximation to the
displacement is calculated as
 1  0   1
 D   s   A
 The corresponding stiffness is found as [S(1)].

 The process is repeated using

D 
1
 n
  s  n 1   A
until convergence is achieved.

 The stiffnesses here correspond to the secant

modulus.
Offshore Structures
 OS/81
MEMBER & JOINT DESIGN
 As per API code RP2A, AISC
specifications are adopted.
 The member and joints should be
checked for the permissible stress limit.
 Cylindrical members should be checked
for pure axial tension; some permissible
fraction of Fy.
 Compressive members should be
checked for buckling; two cases are
specified D/t ≤ 60 and D/t > 60.
 Allowable torsional shear is 0.4Fy.
Offshore Structures
 OS/82
CONTD.
 For D/t > 60 and < 300, both elastic and
inelastic local buckling should be
checked.
 For bending member (purely) allowable
bending stress is obtained for D/t <
1500/Fy; 1500/Fy < D/t < 3000/Fy; 3000/Fy <
D/t < 300; D/t>300 in SI units.
 Allowable beam shear is specified as 0-4
Fy; fv = 2V/A.
 Tubular member hoop stress check is
given by fh < Fhc / 2.
Offshore Structures
 OS/83
CONTD.
 Elastic hoop buckling stress is given by
Fhc = 2Ch Et/d; Ch depends on geometric
parameter M defined by L/D (2D/t)1/2; L is
length between stiffening rings; for M
≥1.6D/t, elastic buckling stress is approx.
equal to unstiffened cylinder.
 Critical hoop buckling stress Fhc is defined
as elastic Fhc= Fhc for Fhc ≤0.55 Fy; inelastic
for Fhc values given by expressions for
different ranges such as 0.55 Fy < Fhc ≤ 1.6
Fy .
 Circumferential stiffening rings have
composite Ic = tLD2Fhc/8E.
Offshore Structures
 OS/84
CONTD.
 Combined axial tension and hoop stress
(comp)

A  B  2  A B  1.0
2 2

f a  f b   0.5 f h 
A SFx
Fy

fh
B SFh
Fhc

fa etc are absolute values.

Offshore Structures
 OS/85
CONTD.
 Combined axial compression and hoop
stress (comp.)
f a  0.5 f h fh
SFx   SFh   1.0
Fxc Fy

fh
 SFh   1.0
Fhc

 Additionally local buckling, longitudinal

and hoop stress for unstiffened cone
cylinder junctions should be checked; if
stiffening rings are required, they should
follow design guide lines.
Offshore Structures
 OS/86
CONTD.
 Tubular joints should be checked for
punching shear or nominal loads in the
brace.

V p   f sin   t
T
f = nominal stress in brace

 Vpa is given by some factors.

 Design criteria for overlapping joints also

should be fulfilled.

Offshore Structures
THANK YOU