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Determination of Reference Evapotranspiration - Eto

The document discusses crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling. It defines key terms like evapotranspiration, reference evapotranspiration, crop coefficients, effective rainfall, irrigation efficiencies, and methods for calculating crop water needs and scheduling irrigation. The objective is to effectively manage water resources for irrigation based on these factors.

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disasa abebe
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67 views

Determination of Reference Evapotranspiration - Eto

The document discusses crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling. It defines key terms like evapotranspiration, reference evapotranspiration, crop coefficients, effective rainfall, irrigation efficiencies, and methods for calculating crop water needs and scheduling irrigation. The objective is to effectively manage water resources for irrigation based on these factors.

Uploaded by

disasa abebe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Evapotranspiration process

 Determination of Reference Evapotranspiration –


ETo
 Duty-delta relationship
 Determination of crop Evapotranspiration– ETc
 Irrigation Efficiencies
 Irrigation Scheduling
Objective of Crop Water Requirement Study :
To decide possible cropping pattern of area

Effective use of available water

Plan and design an irrigation project

Plan water resource development in an area

Assess irrigation requirement of an area

Management of water supply from sources


Evapotranspiration (ET)

The process whereby water is lost on one hand


from the soil surface by evaporation and on the
other hand from the crop by transpiration.

Evaporation: Liquid water is converted to water vapour


(vaporization) and removed from the evaporating surface
(vapour removal).

Energy is required to change the state of the molecules of


water from liquid to vapour. This energy is mainly from
solar radiation and, to a lesser extent, from the ambient
temperature of the air.
Evaporation…

The driving force to remove water vapour from the


evaporating surface is the difference between the
water vapour pressure at the evaporating surface
and that of the surrounding atmosphere.

Solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and


wind speed are climatological parameters to be
considered while assessing the evaporation process.
Transpiration
Transpiration consists of the vaporization of
liquid water contained in plant tissues and the
vapour removal to the atmosphere.

Crops predominately lose their water through


stomata.

Nearly all water taken up is lost by transpiration


and only a tiny fraction is used within the plant.

Transpiration, like direct evaporation, depends


on the energy supply, vapour pressure gradient
and wind.
Factors affecting transpiration process
Radiation
Air temperature
Air humidity
Wind speed
Soil water content and the ability of the soil to
conduct water to the roots
Crop characteristics
Environmental aspects and cultivation practices.
Factors affecting ET

- Climatic (weather) parameters (Ra , T, U, RH)

Crop characteristics
- Crop type & Variety
- Growing length/development stages

Management factors

Environmental (soil) factors


Factors affecting ET
Reference Evapotranspiration - ETo
is defined as ET from a hypothetical crop with an
assumed height of 0.12 m having a surface resistance and
an albedo of 0.23, closely resembling the evaporation of
an extension surface of green grass of uniform height,
actively growing and adequately watered.

-Hypothetical crop
-extensive surface
-green grass
-uniform height (12 cm)
-actively growing
-adequately watered
Climatic approaches of estimating ETo
The following methods are the combination of some
empirical, analytical and theoretical approaches.
1.FAO Balnney-Criddle Method
2.FAO Radiation Method
3.FAO Penman Method
4.Hargreave's Class A Pan Evaporation Method
5.FAO Pan Evaporation Method
6.FAO Penman-Monteith Method
7.Thornthwaite Method
3.3 Duty-Delta Relationship
Crop period and Base period
The time period that elapses from the instant of its sowing
to the instant of its harvesting is called the crop period.
 The time between the first watering of a crop at the time of
its sowing to its last watering before harvesting is called the
base period.
.
Duty and Delta of Crops
Duty (D): is defined as the area of the land which can
be irrigated if one cumecs(m3/sec) of water was applied
to the land continuously for the entire base period of the
crop.
Delta ( ∆ ): is the total depth of water required by a
crop during the entire base period.

Delta (∆) = Total quantity of water (ha-m)


Total area of land (ha)
The relation between duty, base period and delta, can be
obtained as follows:-
Considering the area of land of D-hectares, base period of
B days

Quantity of water= 1*B*24*60*60, m3 …. 3.21

If Delta (∆ ) is the total depth of water in meters supplied


to the land of D- hectares, the quantity of water is also
given by:

Quantity of water = ( D *104)* ∆ , m3 .…3.22


Equating the volumes of water given in egn_s 3.1 and 3.2:
1*B*24*60*60* = (D*104)*∆

D = 8.64B or ∆ = 8.64B
∆ D

Where D = in ha/cumec
∆ = in m
B = in days

☻ Different forms of Duty


1.Flow duty
2.Quantity of Duty
3. Duty in the form of total depth ( or Delta )
☻ Factors affecting Duty
- Duty of water depends up on different factors.
 Type of soil
 Type of crop and base period
 structure of soil
 Slope of ground
 Climatic condition
 Method of application of water
 Salt content of soil
Example 1: A discharge of 15 cumecs is released at the
head of the canal. If the duty at the field is 1800
ha/cumecs, and the losses in the transit are 30%,
determine the area that can be irrigated.

Discharge at field= 0.7*15=10.5 cumecs


Irrigated area=1800 * 10.5= 18,900ha
3.4 Determination of Crop Evapotranspiration
(ETc) Under Standard Condition
Two calculation approaches are outlined: the single and the dual crop
coefficient approach.

In the single crop coefficient approach, the difference in


evapotranspiration between the cropped and reference grass is combined
into one single coefficient.
In the dual crop coefficient approach, the crop coefficient is
split into two factors describing separately the differences in evaporation
and transpiration between the crop and reference surface.
Figure 3.7: Typical Kc for different types of full grown crops
Crop coefficient curve
Effective Rainfall (Peff)
There are four methods for calculating the effective rainfall from entered
monthly total rainfall data.

1. Fixed Percentage Effective Rainfall

2. Dependable Rain
3. Empirical Formula for Effective Rainfall

4. Method of USDA Soil Conservation Service (default)


3.5 Irrigation Efficiencies
1. Water Conveyance efficiency ( Ec)

Ec = Wf * 100
Wd
Where Ec = water conveyance efficiency , %
Wf = Water delivered to the irrigated plot ( At the field supply
channel)
Wd = Water diverted from the source.
2. Water application Efficiency (Ea)

Ea = Ws *100
wf Ea = application efficiency, %
Ws = water stored in the rot zone of the plants.
Wf = Water delivered to the irrigated plot
3. Water storage efficiency (Es)

Es = Ws *100
Wn
Where Es = Water storage efficiency, %
Ws = water stored in the rot zone of the plants.
Wn = Water needed in the root zone prior to irrigation
4. Field Canal Efficiency (Eb)

Eb = Wp *100
Wf
Where Ef = Field canal efficiency
Wp = water received at the field inlet
Wf = water delivered to the field channel e.t.c…
5. Water Use Efficiency
This shows the yield of the crop per unit volume of
water used. It may be expressed in Kg/ha.cm or
q/ha.cm
A) Crop Water Use Efficiency: is the ratio of the crop yield (Y)
to the amount of water consumptively used by the crop.
Y
Ew 
CU

B)Field Water Use Efficiency: is the ratio of the crop


yield(y) to the total water requirement of crops including Cu
losses and other needs.

Y
Et 
WR
3.6 Irrigation Scheduling
 Scheduling of irrigation application is very important for
successive plant growth and maturity.
 The scheduling of irrigation can be field irrigation
scheduling and field irrigation supply schedules.
Field irrigation Scheduling
 The two scheduling parameters of field irrigation scheduling are
the depth of irrigation and interval of irrigation.
Depth of irrigation (d):
d (net) = As *D *(FC – PWP)*P, m ... 3.46
Where As = Apparent specific gravity of soil
D = Effective root zone depth in m
FC = water content of soil at FC
PWP = Water content of soil at PWP
P = depletion factor
 Because of application losses such as deep percolation and runoff
losses, the total depth of water to be applied will be greater than
the net depth of water.
d (gross) = As*D(FC-PWP)*P ,m ...3.47
Ea
Where Ea = Field application efficiency and other parameters as
defined above
Interval of irrigation (i):

i (days) = As D(FC-PWP).P
ET crop(peak)

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