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Ec-204 Data Structures & Object Oriented Programming: Dr. Waqar Shahid LE Arshia Arif

The document discusses the concepts of classes, objects, constructors, destructors, and data encapsulation in C++. It defines a class as a blueprint that combines both data and functions that operate on the data. The document also explains how classes use access specifiers like public, private, and protected to control access to data members and member functions for encapsulation and data hiding.

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Abdullah Khan
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47 views

Ec-204 Data Structures & Object Oriented Programming: Dr. Waqar Shahid LE Arshia Arif

The document discusses the concepts of classes, objects, constructors, destructors, and data encapsulation in C++. It defines a class as a blueprint that combines both data and functions that operate on the data. The document also explains how classes use access specifiers like public, private, and protected to control access to data members and member functions for encapsulation and data hiding.

Uploaded by

Abdullah Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EC-204 DATA STRUCTURES

&
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Dr. Waqar Shahid


LE Arshia Arif
Class
• A class is an expanded concept of C structure:
instead of holding only data, it can hold both
data and functions. (now C structs can have
functions too but everything is “public” in
structs)
Class
The fundamental idea is to combine into a single unit both
data and functions that operate on the data.
• Such a unit is called an “Object”.
• The definition of this unit is called a “Class”.
• An object’s functions are called “member functions”
(behaviors) in C++.
• And its data are called “data members” (attributes).
 
An object is an instantiation of a class. In terms of
variables, a class would be the type, and an object would
be the variable
Class
Syntax:
class class_name
{
access_specifier_1(public/private/ protected):
Data member;
access_specifier_2(public/private/protected):
Member functions;
...
};
Class
Access Specifiers:
An access specifier is one of the following three
keywords:
• Private
• Public
• Protected
These specifiers modify the access rights that the
members following them acquire
 
Class
Main Parts of a Class:
• Data Members
• Constructor
• Member Functions
• Destructor
Class(Example)
Constructor
• Initializes an object automatically as soon as the
object is created
• Must have the same name as that of the class
• Constructors have No return type
• Constructors are called at the point an object is
created
• If a class has a constructor, each object of that
type is initialized with the constructor prior to
use in a program
• Eliminates the need to add the setdata() function
Constructor(Syntax)
Two methods of writing the constructor:
• Counter(){count=0;}
OR
• Counter():count(0){};//initializerlist
Destructor
• Destructor functions are the inverse of constructor
functions.
• As constructors, destructor functions are also
called automatically when an object is destroyed
• Same name as the class, preceded by tilde(~)
• No return values and No arguments
• The most common use of destructors is to de-
allocate memory that was allocated for the object.
• Should be used before object goes out of scope
Destructor(Example)
Object
• To use a class in a C++ program, its objects
must be instantiated
• Similar to declaring a variable
• Example:
Data Encapsulation
All C++ programs are composed of the following
two fundamental elements −
• Program statements (code) − This is the part
of a program that performs actions and they
are called functions.
• Program data − The data is the information of
the program which gets affected by the
program functions.
Data Encapsulation
• Encapsulation is an Object Oriented Programming
concept that binds together the data and functions
that manipulate the data, and that keeps both safe
from outside interference and misuse. Data
encapsulation led to the important OOP concept
of data hiding.
• C++ supports the properties of encapsulation and
data hiding through the creation of user-defined
types, called classes. We already have studied that a
class can contain private,
protected and public members.
• By default, all items defined in a class are private. 
Data Encapsulation(Example)
Data Encapsulation(Example contd.)

• The private member total is something that is


hidden from the outside world, but is needed
for the class to operate properly.

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