Statistics

Data Information
Observations and variables
Observation
Instatistics, an observation often means any
sort of numerically recording of information.

Example:
Whether it is physical measurement such as
height or weight; a classification as heads or
tails, or answer to a question such as yes or no.
Variable
Variable

A characteristics that varies with an

individual or an object, is called a variable.

Example

Age is a variable as it varies from person to

person.
Variable
 An item of data
 Examples:
 gender
 test scores
 weight
 Value varies from one observation to another
Types/Classifications of Variables
 Variables can be classified into
qualitative and quantitative
according to characteristics of
interest.
Qualitative
Quantitative
 Qualitative variable

Ifcharacteristics is non-numerical such as

education, gender, eye color, quality,
intelligence, poverty, satisfaction ,ect. Is
called Qualitative variable.
Examples
1. gender 2. marital status
3. geographical region
4. job title….
Categorical data
 Non-overlapping categories or characteristics
 Examples:
 Completes/Incompletes
 Professions
 Gender
Qualitative (Nominal)
Variable:
Male

A 
O Blood
Grou B Gender
p

A
B

Female
Dr
Tarekk
Classification of variable
Quantitative variable

A variable is said to be quantitative variable

when characteristics can be expressed
numerically such as age, weight, income or
number of children ect.

A quantitative variable may be classified as

discrete or continuous.
 1 2 3 4

Dr
Tarekk
Discrete
 Measurements are integers
 Examples:

 number of employees of a company

 number of incorrect answers on a test
 number of participants in a program…
Quantitative variable
Continuous variables
A variable is called a continuous variable if it
can take on any value-fractional or integral
within a given interval.

Example
A continuous variable represents measurement
data such as age of a person, height of a plant,
the weight of commodity, the temperature at a
place, ect.
10 23
0 0

7 25
Years Years
I. Quantitative
Variable
Continuous
 Measurements can take on any value - usually
within some range
 Examples:

 Age
 Income
 Arithmeticoperations such as differences and
averages make sense.
 Data types

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 Types of variables
Variables

Qualitative Quantitative

Dichotomic Polynomic Discrete Continuous

Amount of
Children in
Gender, marital Brand of Pc, hair income tax paid,
family, Strokes
status color weight of a
on a golf hole
student
 What data types relate to following questions?
 Q1: What is your favourite subject?

Maths English Science Art French

 Q2: Gender:
Male Female

 Q3: I consider myself to be good at mathematics:

Strongly Disagree Not Sure Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree

 Q4: Score in a recent mock GCSE maths exam:

Score between 0% and 100%

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Dr
Tarekk
Qualitatiave or Quantitative?
Discrete or Continuous?

 Score on a placement exam

 Preferred restaurant

 Dollar amount of a loan

 Height

 Salary

 Length of time to complete a task

 Number of applicants

 Ethnic origin
Treatment as Ranks
 Natural order
 Not strictly measured
 Examples:
 Age group
 Likert Scale data
 Distinctionbetween adjacent points on the scale is
not necessarily the same
Analysis
Qualitative Data
 Frequency tables
 Modes - most frequently occurring
 Graphs: Bar Charts and Pie Charts
Analysis
Quantitative Data
 Any form
 Create groups or categories and generate
frequency tables
 All descriptive statistics
Effective Graphs:
Quantitative Data
 Histograms

 Stem-and-Leaf plots
 Dot Plots
 Box plots
 XY Scatter Plots (2 variables).
Examples of Graphs
Pie Chart
Performance Appraisals
1 0%

3 8% More Difficult
1 4%
Difficult
Same
Much Easier
Easier

33%
90
80
70
60
50 East
40 West
30 North
20
10
0
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
Histogram
Histogram

14
12
10
Frequency

8
6
4
2
0
49 59 69 79 89 99
Score
Boxplot
Boxplot of C1

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

C1
Stem and Leaf Plot
Stem and Leaf Plot
Weight of Meat

7 5
8 3
8 7999
9 23
9 66789
10
10 688
11 2244
11 788
12 4
12 8
13
13 8
14 1
Analyze Ranked Data
 Frequencytables
 Mode, Median, Quartiles
 Graphs:
 Bar Charts
 Dot Plots, Pie Charts
 Line Charts (2 variables)
Data Example
Suggest some ways you could analyze these items.

 Score on a placement exam

 Preferred restaurant
 Dollar amount of a loan
 Height
 Salary
 Length of time to complete a task
 Number of applicants
 Ethnic origin
THANK
YOU