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Dna and Rna: Replication, Transcription and Translation

DNA stores and transmits cellular information by replicating itself during cell division. During replication, DNA unzips and uses itself as a template to make two new DNA strands. RNA polymerase then transcribes DNA into mRNA during transcription. The mRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes for translation. During translation, rRNA reads the mRNA and uses tRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the mRNA's codons, completing the transfer of genetic information from DNA to proteins.

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79 views

Dna and Rna: Replication, Transcription and Translation

DNA stores and transmits cellular information by replicating itself during cell division. During replication, DNA unzips and uses itself as a template to make two new DNA strands. RNA polymerase then transcribes DNA into mRNA during transcription. The mRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes for translation. During translation, rRNA reads the mRNA and uses tRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the mRNA's codons, completing the transfer of genetic information from DNA to proteins.

Uploaded by

Faiza Noor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DNA and RNA

Replication, Transcription and


Translation

01/26/21 SB2b 1
SB2b

 Students will analyze how biological


traits are passed on to successive
generations.
b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
transmitting cellular information

01/26/21 SB2b 2
Essential Question

 What is the role of DNA in the process of


passing biological traits from one
generation to the next?

01/26/21 SB2b 3
REPLICATION

01/26/21 SB2b 4
Replication of DNA

 DNA has to copy itself because when


new cells are made, the cell has to have
an exact copy of the DNA.
 This occurs during the cell cycle in the S
phase.
 This process is called Replication
 It is considered semiconservative

01/26/21 SB2b 5
Replication continued
 Replication begins with DNA untwisting itself and
opening up
 DNA Helicase
 Responsible for unwinding the molecule
 The old DNA strands = templates
 New nucleotides come and bond to the template
creating a new strand = Complementary Strand
 DNA Polymerase
 Responsible for adding nucleotides
 Forms covalent bond between nucleotides

 DNA ligase binds the two new strands


01/26/21 SB2b 6
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01/26/21 SB2b Taken from concepts in motion Glencoe CD 9
Replication continued
 DNA is read in parts
 It does not start at the
beginning and go all the
way to the end, that
would take too long
 Replication can start at
many points in
eukaryotes

01/26/21 SB2b 10
Replication continued

 DNA is “proof read” by enzymes


 The enzymes fix any mistakes
 DNA polymerase
 Mistakes not fixed will cause problems
 Wewill discuss the problems when we get to
human genetics

01/26/21 SB2b 11
01/26/21 SB2b 12
Practice Replication
 TTGCTAG

 TAGCGCT

 ACCGTCA

 GCTATGT

01/26/21 SB2b 13
Central Dogma

01/26/21 SB2b 14
Central Dogma

 The central
dogma states that
information flows
in one direction
from DNA to RNA
to proteins.

01/26/21 SB2b 15
TRANSCRIPTION

01/26/21 SB2b 16
Transcription

 Transcription is the process of mRNA copying


DNA
 This is how new mRNA is made
 Copies a gene and can make many copies

 This occurs in the nucleus

 Occurs just like replication but with RNA instead


 Only one side of the DNA is copied
 Enzyme – RNA Polymerase
01/26/21 SB2b 17
Practice Transcription

T T G C T A G

T A G C G C T

A C C G T C A

G C T A T G T

01/26/21 SB2b 18
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01/26/21 SB2b Taken from concepts in motion Glencoe CD 20
TRANSLATION

01/26/21 SB2b 21
Translation
 a/k/a Protein Synthesis

 DNA is ultimately a code for protein production

 Proteins in turn make up all the parts of cells


which will then control all chemical processes

 Proteins are made up of Amino Acids

01/26/21 SB2b 22
Translation

1. mRNA transcribes the DNA (gets the


message/code)

2. mRNA carries the message from the


nucleus to the ribosomes (on the ER)

3. rRNA inside the ribosomes reads the


mRNA

01/26/21 SB2b 23
Translation continued

4. rRNA tells tRNA which Amino Acids


are needed

5. tRNA collects and brings back the


Amino Acids

6. rRNA hooks together the Amino Acids


into a protein

01/26/21 SB2b 24
Codons
 Every 3 nitrogen bases on the mRNA = Codon
 A codon is a code for an Amino Acid or start
and stop codons.
 StartCodon: AUG (needed for process to begin)
 Stop Codons: UAA, UGA, UAG

 On the tRNA is an anticodon – it is


complementary to the codon
 Example: Codon UUU, Anticodon AAA
 Practice: Codon CGC, Anticodon
01/26/21 SB2b 25
The genetic code matches each RNA codon with its amino acid or function.

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